وکیپیڈیا

بانیان مذاہب


قدیم (500 قبل مسیحی تو‏ں بیشتر)

سودھو
دیکھو culture hero for legendary founders of doubtful historicity.
نام مذہب قومیت بانی د‏‏ی زندگی
زرتشت زرتشتیت اوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہ c. 10th to 6واں صدی BC[۱][n ۱]
Parshvanatha The penultimate (23rd) تیرتھنکر in جین مت بھارتی شہری 877 ق م – 777 BC[۲][۳][۴][۵][۶]
بخت نصر built the Etemenanki، established Marduk as the patron deity of بابل آموری 6واں صدی BC[حوالہ درکار]
مہاویر The final (24th) تیرتھنکر in جین مت ہندوستانی 599 ق م – 527 BC[۷][۸][۹]
گوتم بدھ بدھ مت Indian/Nepali 563 ق م – 483 BC[حوالہ درکار]
کنفیوشس کنفیوشس مت چینی 551 ق م – 479 BC[حوالہ درکار]
فیثاغورث فیثاغورثیت ساموس fl. 520 BC
موزی مؤیت چینی 470 ق م – 390 BC
عزرا ہیکل دوم د‏‏ی یہودیت[۱۰] Levite یہودیہ،
کاہن		 fl. 459 BC[n ۲]
Epicurus Epicureanism ساموس fl. 307 BC
Zeno of Citium رواقیت possibly فونیقیn,[۱۱]
albeit a Greek national		 333 ق م – 264 BC
Pharnavaz I of Iberia Armazi Georgian 326 ق م – 234 BC
Patanjali Rāja yoga ہندوستانی 2nd century BC
یسوع مسیح تے حواری مسیحیت Galilean/Judean c. 4 ق م – c. 30 AD
پولس Pauline Christianity Judean, albeit a Roman citizen c. 33 AD
James the Just یہودی مسیحیity Judean c. 33 AD
Judah the Prince ربیائی یہودیت Judean, آل داؤد 2nd century AD
Montanus Montanism Phrygian 2nd century AD
مرقیون Marcionism Pontic Greek 110–160
ناگ ارجن Madhyamaka تیلگو زبان Dravidian 150–250
Plotinus نو افلاطونیت may have been of Roman,[۱۲]
Greek,[۱۳] or Hellenized Egyptian[۱۴]
ancestry; Roman citizen		 205–270
Mani مانویت Persian Western ایرانی/آریہ 216–274
آریوس[n ۳] آریوسیت[n ۴] possibly بربر،
born in لیبیا; hellenophone		 250–336
فلاغیوس[n ۳] Pelagianism[n ۵] British,[۱۵] possibly Irish[۱۶] 354–430
Nestorius[n ۳] نسطوریت[n ۶] Romaniote (Byzantine hellenophone) 386–451
Eutyches عقیدہ وحدت فطرت[n ۷] born in قسطنطنیہ 380–456

ابتدائی جدید تو‏ں قرون وسطی (500–1800 عیسوی)

سودھو
نام مذہب قوم بانی د‏‏ی زندگی
مزدک Mazdakism اوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہ died c. 526
بودھی دھرم زین بدھ چینی (تانگ خاندان) c. 500s – c. 560s
محمد اسلام عرب c. 570 – 632
Songtsen Gampo تبتی بدھ مت تبتی قوم 7واں صدی
En no Gyōja Shugendō جاپانی قوم late 7واں صدی
Huineng East Asian Zen Buddhism چینی (تانگ خاندان) 638–713
Padmasambhava Nyingma ہندوستانی 8واں صدی
Han Yu Neo-Confucianism چینی 8th or 9واں صدی
Saichō Tendai (descended from Tiantai) جاپانی 767–822
Kūkai Shingon Buddhism جاپانی 774–835
شنکر اچاریہ ادویت ہندوستانی 9واں صدی
محمد بن نصیر نمیری Nusayrism Persian late 9واں صدی
رامانج Vishishtadvaita ہندوستانی 1017–1137
حمزہ بن علی بن احمد دروز Persian 11واں صدی
عدی بن مسافر یزیدی یزیدی 12واں صدی
بساو لنگایت دھرم ہندوستانی 12واں صدی
Hōnen Jōdo-shū (descended from Pure Land Buddhism) جاپانی 1131–1212
Eisai Rinzai Zen (descended from the Linji school) جاپانی 1141–1215
Shinran Jōdo Shinshū (descended from Jōdo-shū) جاپانی 1173–1263
Dōgen Sōtō Zen (descended from the Caodong school) جاپانی 1200–1253
سید محمد بکتاش بکتاشیہ of تصوف ترکی قوم (عثمانی خاندان) or Persian 1209–1271
Nichiren Nichiren Buddhism جاپانی 1222–1282
مدھو اچاریہ Dvaita Tuluva (ہندوستانی) 1238–1317
Sant Mat بھکتی تحریک Numerous مرکزی ہندوستانی زباناں groups[n ۸] 13th to 15th centuries
جان وکلف Lollardy British (انگریز) 1320s–1384
Nāimī – Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī حروفیہ ایرانی 14واں صدی
Mahmoud Pasikhani نقطویہ ایرانی (فارسی) late 14واں صدی
Jan Hus Hussitism فرنگی (Czech) 1372–1415
Ramananda وشنو دھرم ہندوستانی 15واں صدی
Sankardev Ekasarana Dharma Assamese (ہندوستانی) 1449–1568
گرو نانک سکھ مت پنجابی لوک (پاکستانی قوم) 1469–1539
سری چند Udasi پنجابی (پاکستان) 1494–1629
Vallabha Acharya Shuddhadvaita ہندوستانی 1479–1531
مارٹن لوتھر لوتھریت and پروٹسٹنٹ in general Frankish (Saxon) 1483–1546
چیتنیا مہاپربھو گوڑیہ ویشنو مت، Achintya Bheda Abheda بنگالی (ہندوستانی) 1486–1534
Thomas Cranmer انگلیکانیت (کلیسائے انگلستان) برطانوی (انگریز) 1489–1556
Ignatius of Loyola یسوعی (Jesuits) Spanish باسک 1491–1556
Menno Simons Mennonite Dutch 1496–1561
Conrad Grebel Swiss Brethren، باز اصطباغیت سویٹزرلینڈ 1498–1526
Jacob Hutter Hutterite Tyrolean (باواریاn) 1500–1536
Sultan Sahak اہل حق کرد early 15واں صدی
جان کالون کالوینیت[۱۷] French 1509–1564
مائیکل سروٹس[۱۸] توحید پرستی (مسیحیت) Aragonese 1511?–1553
John Knox[۱۹] پریسبیٹیرین کلیسیا Scottish 1510–1572
جلال الدین اکبر دین الٰہی سندھ (مغلیہ سلطنت) 1542–1605
Jacobus Arminius Arminianism Dutch 1560–1609
John Smyth[۲۰] اصطباغی کلیسیا انگریز 1570–1612
Avvakum[حوالہ درکار] Old Believers of روسی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسا Russian 1620–1682
George Fox[۲۱] Quakers انگریز 1624–1691
Philipp Spener[۲۲] Pietism الزاس (German) 1635–1705
Jakob Ammann ایمش Swiss 1656–1730
Emanuel Swedenborg The New Church Swedish 1688–1772
Yisroel ben Eliezer "Baal Shem Tov"[۲۳] حسیدی یہودیت Polish (یوکرینی) 1698–1760
John Wesley،[۲۴] Charles Wesley، George Whitefield میتھوڈسٹ مسیحیت انگریز 1703–1791
محمد بن عبدالوہاب وہابی تحریک عربی 1703–1792
Ann Lee[۲۵] Shakers انگریز 1736–1784

نويں مذہبی تحریکاں (بعد وچ 1800ء)

سودھو
نام مذہب بانی د‏‏ی زندگی
راجا رام موہن رائے برہمو سماج ہندوستانی 1772–1833
سوامی ناراین Swaminarayan Sampraday ہندوستانی 1781–1830
Auguste Comte Religion of Humanity French 1798–1857
Nakayama Miki Tenrikyo جاپانی 1798–1887
Ignaz von Döllinger Old Catholic Church German 1799–1890
Phineas Quimby New Thought American 1802–1866
Allan Kardec Spiritism French 1804–1869
جوزف سمتھ مورمنیت، also known as the موخر روز سینٹ تحریک American 1805–1844
John Thomas کرسٹاڈلفئن British 1805–1871
Abraham Geiger اصلاحی یہودیت German 1810–1874
Jamgon Kongtrul Rimé movement Tibetan 1813–1899
Hong Xiuquan Taiping Christianity Hakka 1814–1864
مرزا حسین علی نوری بہاءاللہ[۲۶] بہائی Persian (Ottoman Turk) 1817–1892
سید علی محمد باب بابیت، precursor of the بہائی Persian (Ottoman Turk) 1819–1850
James Springer White Seventh-day Adventist Church American 1821–1881
Wang Jueyi Yiguandao چینی (چنگ خاندان) 1821–1884
Mary Baker Eddy[۲۷] Christian Science American 1821–1910
Ramalinga Swamigal Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam تمل لوک (ہندوستانی) 1823–1874
دیانند سرسوت‏ی آریہ سماج گجرا‏تی لوک (ہندوستانی) 1824–1883
Ellen G. White[۲۸] Seventh-day Adventist Church American 1827–1915
John Ballou Newbrough Faithism American 1828–1891
صبح ازل Azali Bábism Persian 1831–1912
Helena Blavatsky فلسفۂ تصوف Russian (Ukrainian) 1831–1891
Ayya Vaikundar ایاوڑھی ہندوستانی 1833–1851
مرزا غلام احمد احمدیہ ہندوستانی (Mughal) 1835–1908
Guido von List Armanism ( Germanic mysticism ) Austrian 1848–1919
چارلس ٹیز رسل[۲۹] Bible Student movement American 1852–1916
Wovoka Ghost Dance Paiute (سرخ ہندی) 1856–1932
Rudolf Steiner Anthroposophy Austrian 1861–1925
ویویکانند Ramakrishna Mission ہندوستانی 1863–1902
William Irvine[۳۰] Two by Twos and Cooneyites Scottish 1863–1947
اروند گھوش Integral yoga ہندوستانی 1872–1950
میسن ریمی Orthodox Bahá'í Faith American 1874–1974
Aleister Crowley Thelema انگریز 1875–1947
Charles Fox Parham پینٹی کوسٹل American 1873–1929
"Father Divine" International Peace Mission movement American c. 1876–1965
Edgar Cayce Association for Research and Enlightenment American 1877–1945
Ngô Văn Chiêu کاؤ دائیت Viet 1878–1926
Guy Ballard "I AM" Activity American 1878–1939
Frank Buchman Oxford Group/Moral Re-Armament American 1878–1961
Alfred G. Moses Jewish Science American 1878–1956
Mordecai Kaplan Reconstructionist Judaism Russian (Lithuanian) 1881–1983
Gerald Gardner ویکا British 1884–1964
Felix Manalo Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) Filipino 1886–1963
Frank B. Robinson Psychiana American 1886–1948
Noble Drew Ali Moorish Science Temple of America American, possibly چروکی or Moroccan 1886–1929
Marcus Garvey Rastafari Jamaican 1887–1940
Ernest Holmes Religious Science American 1887–1960
Sadafaldeo Vihangamyoga ہندوستانی 1888–1902
Aimee Semple McPherson[۳۱] Foursquare Church Canadian 1890–1944
Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[۳۲] Umbanda Brazilian 1891–1975
Ida B. Robinson Mount Sinai Holy Church of America American 1891–1946
والس فارڈ محمد نیشن آف اسلام American 1891–1934 (absentia)
پرم ہنس یوگانند Yogoda Satsanga Society of India، Self-Realization Fellowship ہندوستانی 1893–1952
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada International Society for Krishna Consciousness ہندوستانی 1896–1977
Ruth Norman Unarius American 1900–1993
Swami Muktananda Siddha Yoga ہندوستانی 1908–1982
Paul Twitchell Eckankar American 1908–1971
Ikurō Teshima Makuya جاپانی 1910–1973
L. Ron Hubbard Church of Scientology American 1911–1986
کم ایل سونگ Juche[۳۳] (North) Korean 1912–1994
Chinmayananda Saraswati Chinmaya Mission ہندوستانی 1916–1993
مہا رشی مہیش یوگی Transcendental Meditation ہندوستانی 1917–2008
Samael Aun Weor Universal Christian Gnostic Movement Colombian 1917–1977
Mark L. Prophet The Summit Lighthouse American 1918–1973
Ben Klassen Creativity Ukrainian 1918–1993
Ahn Sahng-hong World Mission Society Church of God Korean 1918–1985
Huỳnh Phú Sổ Hòa Hảo Viet 1919–1947
Yong (Sun) Myung Moon[۳۴] Unification Church Korean 1920–2012
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar آنند مارگ ہندوستانی 1921–1990
Clarence 13X Five-Percent Nation American 1922–1969
Mestre Gabriel União do Vegetal Brazilian 1922–1971
Nirmala Srivastava Sahaja Yoga ہندوستانی 1923–2011
Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson ہیتھنری Icelander 1924–1993
Sathya Sai Baba Sathya Sai Organization ہندوستانی 1926–2011
اینٹون لاوی کلیسیائے شیطان (لاوی شیطانیت) American 1930–1997
Rajneesh[۳۵] Rajneesh movement ہندوستانی 1931–1990
Mark L. Prophet;
Elizabeth Clare Prophet[۳۶]		 Church Universal and Triumphant American 1918–1973;
1939–2009
Adi Da Adidam American 1939–2008
Claude Vorilhon Raëlism French 1946–
Marshall Vian Summers New Message from God American 1949–
Li Hongzhi فالون گونگ چینی 1951–
Ravi Shankar[۳۷] Art of Living foundation ہندوستانی 1956–
Ryuho Okawa Happy Science جاپانی 1956-
Vissarion Church of the Last Testament Russian 1961–
Chris Korda Church of Euthanasia American 1962-
Tamara Siuda Kemetic Orthodoxy American 1969–
Olumba Olumba Obu Brotherhood of the Cross and Star Nigerian 1918–
Isak Gerson Missionary Church of Kopimism Swedish 1993-
Erdoğan Çınar Ishikism Turkish 21st century

افسانوی/نیم-تاریخی

سودھو
Traditional founder Religious tradition founded Historical founder(s) Ethnicity Life of historical founder
ابراہیم یہودیت Yahwists[n ۹] بنی اسرائیل c. 13th[۳۸][۳۹][۴۰] to 8واں صدی BC[n ۱۰]
لاؤزی تاؤ مت چوانگ تزو Chinese 369 ق م – 286 BC
Saptarishi Vedic religion Rigvedic tribes بھارتی شہری 16th to 11واں صدی BC
یوحنا اصطباغی مندائیت صابی عبرانی قوم 1st to 3rd century AD
ملکہ سبا Haymanot Ezana of Axum Ethiopian 4واں صدی BC

ملاحظات

سودھو
  1. ↑ "Controversy over Zoroaster's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا)
  2. ↑ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine، Fortress Press, p.888)
  3. ↑ ۳.۰ ۳.۱ ۳.۲ The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
  4. ↑ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the نیقیہ کونسل collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius، SCM (2001) p.247)
  5. ↑ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
  6. ↑ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
  7. ↑ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria۔ The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon۔ In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism، Alexandrian Theology)
  8. ↑ Includes the پنجابی لوک، Rajasthanis، and مراٹھی لوک
  9. ↑ The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers"۔ With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh)، as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists" as they were neither truly Israelites nor truly Jews.
  10. ↑ Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13واں صدی BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites"۔ The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9واں صدی BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.

حوالے

سودھو
  1. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 191.
  2. ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
  3. ↑ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-148-2.  p. 115
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
  7. ↑ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
  8. ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 222.
  9. ↑ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.، 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
  10. ↑ Brueggemann 2002، pp. 75, 144.
  11. ↑ Bevan, Edwyn (1 جنوری 1999). Stoics and Sceptics: Four Lectures Delivered in Oxford During Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund. Adegi Graphics LLC. ISBN 978-0-543-98288-9. 
  12. ↑ "Plotinus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press، 2003.
  13. ↑ "Plotinus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
  14. ↑ Bilolo, M.: La notion de « l’Un » dans les Ennéades de Plotin et dans les Hymnes thébains. Contribution à l’étude des sources égyptiennes du néo-platonisme. In: D. Kessler, R. Schulz (Eds.)، "Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta ḥtp dj n ḥzj" (Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Bd. 4)، Frankfurt; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang, 1995, pp. 67–91.
  15. ↑ ، Oxford Dictionary of National Biography۔
  16. ↑ Daibhi O Croinin, Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200 (2013)، p. 206.
  17. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 67.
  18. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 128.
  19. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 69.
  20. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 102.
  21. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 95.
  22. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 73.
  23. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 183.
  24. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 75.
  25. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 724.
  26. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 992.
  27. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 741.
  28. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 621.
  29. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 637.
  30. ↑ Chryssides 2001، p. 330.
  31. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 451.
  32. ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003، p. 279-280.
  33. ↑ See:
    • Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.;
    • Baker, Donald L. (2008). Korean Spirituality. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 147. ISBN 978-0-8248-3257-5. ;
    • Temperman, Jeroen (2005). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance 8. Leiden: BRILL, 145. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9. ۔
  34. ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 365.
  35. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1051.
  36. ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 97.
  37. ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1004.
  38. ↑ Albertz 1994، p. 61.
  39. ↑ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
  40. ↑ Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4. 

کتابیات

سودھو
  • Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1998). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition). Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5. 
  • Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22231-4. 
  • Chryssides, George D. (2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. ISBN 0-8108-4095-2. 
  • Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia (Volume 3). ABC-CLIO, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1. 
  • Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). The Gale Group, Inc.. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0. 
  • Smith, Christian (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0. 
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سانچہ:History of religions

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