وکیپیڈیا

لسٹ نسل کشی بلحاظ اموات

لسٹ نسل کشی بلحاظ اموات (انگریزی: List of genocides by death toll) وچ اوہ تمام اموات دے تخمینے شامل نيں جو نسل کشی د‏‏ی وجہ بنے۔ اس وچ دوسرے کئی طرح دے قتل عام جداں جنگی جرائم مثلاً سرخ دہشت، جاپانی جنگی جرائم، تیہہ سالہ جنگ، اگے د‏‏ی جانب اک عظیم پھلانگ تے عظيم دہشت شامل نئيں ني‏‏‏‏ں۔

نسل کُشیاں د‏‏ی لسٹ

سودھو
ایونٹ مقام سے(فرام) تک (ٹو) کم تو‏ں کم
تخمینہ 		زیادہ تو‏ں زیادہ
تخمینہ 		ہلاک ہونے والے گروپ دا تناسب
مرگ انبوہ[N ۱]   جرمن مقبوضہ یورپ 1941 1945 ۵,۷۵۰,۰۰۰
[۲] 		۶,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۳] 		&10000000000000025000000Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[۴]
Generalplan Ost[N ۱] ۴,۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۵] 		۱۳,۷۰۰,۰۰۰
[۶] 		دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ ہلاکتاں The Third Reich planned to artificially decrease Baltic and Slavic populations by tens of millions, mostly by starvation, during and after the war.

Deaths include 1.3 million Jews, which are included in the deaths of 6 million Jews during the Holocaust,[۳] as well as the deaths of more than 3 million Soviet POWs.[۳]

Holodomor (Голодомор)[N ۲]
(Ukrainian genocide which is part of greater Soviet famine of 1932–33) 		  Soviet Union (  یوکرینی سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ) 1932 1933 ۱,۸۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۸][۱۹] 		۷,۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۲۰][۲۱] 		&10000000000000012000000 نسل کشی of یوکرینی through artificial starvation by the Soviet regime.[۲۲][۲۳] Its characterization as a genocide is debated amongst historians.[۲۴][۲۵][۲۶]
Nazi genocide of Poles[N ۱]   جرمن مقبوضہ یورپ 1939 1945 ۱,۸۰۰,۰۰۰
[۳] 		۳,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۲۷] 		دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ ہلاکتاں
Mongol conquest of Western Xia[N ۳]   Mongol-dominated مغربی شیا 1205 1227 ۱,۵۰۰,۰۰۰ ۱,۵۰۰,۰۰۰ 1,500,000 killed in the نسل کشی after the conquest (Half[۳۳] the مغربی شیا[۳۴][۳۵][۳۶] was exterminated)
Cambodian genocide[N ۴]   Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 ۱,۳۸۶,۷۳۴
[۴۵][۴۶] 		۳,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۴۰][۴۷] 		15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed[۴۸][۴۹] including:

99% of Cambodian Viets
50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham
40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai
25% of Urban Khmer
16% of Rural Khmer

Kazakh genocide during the Soviet famine of 1932–33[N ۵]
   Soviet Union (  قازق خود مختار سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ) 1931 1933 ۱,۳۰۰,۰۰۰
[۵۰] 		۱,۷۵۰,۰۰۰
[۵۱] 		&10000000000000012000000Some historians conclude that 42% of the entire Kazakh population died in the famine.[۵۱] The two Soviet census show that the number of the Kazakhs in Kazakhstan dropped from 3,637,612 in 1926 to 2,181,520 in 1937.[۵۲]
Genocide in Bangladesh[N ۶] by Pakistan
  مشرقی پاکستان (territories of present-day   Bangladesh) 1971 ۳۰۰,۰۰۰
[۵۴] 		۳,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۵۵][۵۶] 		&100000000000000030000002%[۵۷] to 4%[۵۸][۵۹][۶۰] Over 20% of بنگلہ دیش وچ ہندومت killed[۶۱]
(Using 1 to 3 million deaths figures)
ارمنی قتل عام Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime")[N ۷]   سلطنت عثمانیہ
(territories of present-day ترکی, شام and عراق) 		1915 1922 ۷۰۰,۰۰۰
[۶۲] 		۱,۸۰۰,۰۰۰
[۶۳] 		At least 50% of Armenians in Turkey killed[۶۲]
Indonesian genocide[N ۸]   انڈونیشیا 1965 1966 ۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۷۴][۷۰][۷۱] 		۳,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۷۲][۷۳] 		Some scholars now argue that the Indonesian massacres constitute genocide by the legal definition.[۷۵][۶۵][۶۹][۷۶][۷۷]
روانڈیائی نسل کشی[N ۹]   روانڈا 1994 ۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۷۸] 		۱,۰۷۱,۰۰۰
[۷۹] 		&1000000000000004000000070% of Tutsi in Rwanda killed and 30% of Twa in Rwanda killed
20% of Rwanda's total population killed
Greek genocide including the Pontic genocide[N ۱۰]   سلطنت عثمانیہ
(territories of present-day ترکی) 		1914 1922 ۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۸۰] 		۹۰۰,۰۰۰
[۸۱] 		At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed
Zunghar genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate[N ۱۱] چنگ خاندان (Dzungaria) 1755 1758 ۴۸۰,۰۰۰
[۸۵] 		۶۰۰,۰۰۰
[۸۵] 		&1000000000000008000000080% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed
چیرکسی نسل کشی[N ۱۲]   چیرکاسیا, قفقاز 1864 1867 ۴۰۰,۰۰۰
[۹۸] 		۱,۵۰۰,۰۰۰
.[۹۹] 		&1000000000000004500000090% to 97% of total ادیگی قوم population perished or deported by the Russian forces.[۱۰۰][۱۰۱][۱۰۲]
Genocide by the Ustaše including the Serbian genocide[N ۱۳]   Independent State of Croatia (territories of present-day کرویئشا, بوسنیا تے ہرزیگووینا and سریم ضلع) 1941 1945 ۳۲۰,۰۰۰
[۱۰۴][۱۰۵] 		۶۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۰۴][۱۰۵][۱۰۶] 		&1000000000000001900000013% to 21% of the Serbian population within the NDH was killed.[۵۷]
Pacification of Algeria[N ۱۴]   فرانسیسی الجزائر

1830

1871

۳۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۱۵]

۱,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۱۶]

&1000000000000001500000010%[۱۱۷] to 1/3[۱۱۸][۱۱۶] of Algeria's population died during the period
Genocide of Nestorian christians (کلیسیائے مشرق) by امیر تیمور   Timurid-controlled مشرق وسطی

1370

1405

Tens of thousands

Hundreds of thousands

Tamerlane's rule was characterized by numerous massacres, including against other Muslims, but the only community he systematically targeted for elimination was the local Christians.
Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil[N ۱۵]   برازیل

1900

1985

۲۳۵,۰۰۰
[۱۲۵] 		۸۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۲۶] 		&1000000000000008000000087 out of 230 Brazilian tribes went extinct during the period[۱۲۷]
Albigensian Crusade
(Cathar genocide)[N ۱۶] 		  لانگویڈوک, قرون وسطی وچ فرانس 1209 1229 ۲۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۳۰] 		۱,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۳۱]
Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword")[N ۱۷]   سلطنت عثمانیہ

territories of present-day ترکی, شام and عراق)

1915 1923 ۲۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۳۲] 		۷۵۰,۰۰۰
[۱۳۳] 		&10000000000000075000000
Irish genocide[N ۱۸]   جزیرہ آئرلینڈ, انگلستان د‏‏ی دولت مشترکہ 1649 1653 ۲۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۳۷] 		۶۱۸,۰۰۰
[۱۳۸] 		&1000000000000003000000020–40% of the population of Ireland perished during the Cromwellian conquest[۱۳۷][۱۳۸]
Wu Hu genocide[N ۱۹] شمالی تے جنوبی چین 350 351 ۲۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۴۰] 		۲۰۰,۰۰۰ &10000000000000025000000
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War[N ۲۰]   زائر 1996 1997 200,000
[۱۴۳] 		232,000
[۱۴۴]
حمیدیہ قتل عام[N ۲۱]   سلطنت عثمانیہ 1894 1896 200,000
[۱۵۱] 		300,000
[۱۵۱]
Genocide of the Tencteri and Usipetes[N ۲۲] Germania 55 BC ۱۵۰,۰۰۰
[۱۵۶] 		۴۳۰,۰۰۰
[۱۵۷] 		&10000000000000025000000
Battle of Carthage
(Punic genocide)[N ۲۳] 		قرطاجنہ (territories of present-day تونس شہر, تونس) 146 BC ۱۵۰,۰۰۰
[۱۶۳][۱۵۸] 		۱۵۰,۰۰۰ Population reduced from 500,000 to 55,000. 150,000 died in the fall of Carthage.[۱۶۳]
Romani genocide[N ۲۴]   جرمن مقبوضہ یورپ 1935[۱۶۸] 1945 ۱۳۰,۰۰۰
[۱۶۹] 		۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۷۰][۱۷۱] 		&1000000000000002500000025% of رومینی in Europe killed
Polish Operation of the NKVD (Polish genocide)[N ۲۵]   سوویت اتحاد 1937 1938 ۱۱۱,۰۹۱
[۱۸۱] 		۲۵۰,۰۰۰
[۱۸۲] 		&1000000000000001300000022% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)[۱۸۳]
چیچن تے انگوشےآں د‏‏ی جلاوطنی[N ۲۶]
(Soviet deportation of Chechens and other Vainakh populations) 		  سوویت اتحاد (شمالی قفقاز) 1944 1948 ۱۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۹۰] 		۴۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۹۱] 		&1000000000000003500000023.5% to almost 50% of total چیچن قوم population killed[۱۹۲]

[۱۸۴]سانچہ:Page needed[۱۸۵][۱۸۶][۱۹۳]

Genocide of Acholi and Lango people under عیدی امین[N ۲۷]   یوگنڈا 1972 1978 100,000
[۱۹۴] 		300,000
[۱۹۴]
Darfur genocide[N ۲۸]   دارفور, سوڈان

2003

Present

۹۸,۰۰۰
[۱۹۷] 		۵۰۰,۰۰۰
[۱۹۸]
Kurdish genocide[N ۲۹]   Iraq 1977 1991 ۸۷,۵۰۰
[حوالہ درکار] 		۳۸۸,۱۰۰
[حوالہ درکار] 		&10000000000000008000000
East Timor genocide[N ۳۰]   East Timor, انڈونیشیا 1975 1999 ۸۵,۳۲۰
[۲۱۸] 		۱۹۶,۷۲۰
[۲۱۹] 		&1000000000000002000000013% to 44% of مشرقی تیمور's total population killed
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
Ikiza[N ۳۱]   برونڈی 1972 ۸۰,۰۰۰
[۲۲۰][۲۲۱] 		۳۰۰,۰۰۰
[۲۲۲] 		&10000000000000005000000 As much as 10% to 15% of the Hutu population of Burundi killed[۲۲۲]
Libyan genocide[N ۳۲]   اطالوی لیبیا 1923 1932 ۸۰,۰۰۰
[۲۲۷] 		۱۲۵,۰۰۰
[۲۳۴] 		۲۵% of برقہ population killed[۲۲۷]
Bambuti genocide[N ۳۳]   شمالی کیوو, جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو 2002 2003 ۶۰,۰۰۰
[۲۳۷][۲۳۵] 		۷۰,۰۰۰
[۲۳۷] 		&1000000000000004000000040% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed[N ۳۴]
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia[N ۳۵]   German-occupied Poland 1943 1945 ۵۰,۰۰۰
[۲۴۰] 		۳۰۰,۰۰۰
[۲۴۱][۲۴۲][۲۴۳][۲۴۴][۲۴۵] 		4% to 20% of the pre-war (1931) Second Polish Republic's total Polish population of Voivodeships: stanisławowskie, tarnopolskie and wołyńskie[۲۴۶][۲۴۷] where killed.
Genocide of Isaaqs[N ۳۶]   صومالی جمہوری جمہوریہ 1988 1991 ۵۰,۰۰۰
[۲۶۳][۲۵۳] 		۲۰۰,۰۰۰
[۲۶۴] 		&10000000000000004000000
Genocidal crimes against Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks[N ۳۷]   Independent State of Croatia (territories of present-day کرویئشا, بوسنیا تے ہرزیگووینا,and Sandžak) 1941 1945 ۴۷,۰۰۰
[۲۶۸] 		۶۵,۰۰۰
[۲۶۸]
Tamil Genocide[N ۳۸]   Tamil Eelam, سری لنکا 1956 2009 40,000[۲۷۲][۲۷۳] 140,000+[۲۷۴] Between 10% and 35% of the Eelam Tamil population living in the de facto state of Tamil Eelam, controlled by the تامل ٹائیگرز.[۲۷۵]
کریمیائی تاتاریاں د‏‏ی جبری ملک بدری[N ۳۹]   سوویت اتحاد (  کریمیائی خود مختار سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ) 1944 1948 ۳۴,۰۰۰
[۲۸۰] 		۱۹۵,۴۷۱
[۲۸۱] 		&10000000000000032000000The deportation and following exile reduced the کریمیائی تاتار population by between 18%[۲۸۰] and 46%.[۲۸۲]
Genocide in German South West Africa[N ۴۰]   جرمن جنوب مغربی افریقہ 1904 1908 ۳۴,۰۰۰
[۲۸۳] 		۱۱۰,۰۰۰
[۲۸۴][۲۸۵] 		&1000000000000007000000060% (24,000 out of 40,000[۲۸۳]) to 81.25% (65,000[۲۸۶][۲۸۷] out of 80,000[۲۸۸]) of total Herero and 50%[۲۸۳] of Nama population killed.
Guatemalan genocide[N ۴۱]   گواتیمالا 1962 1996 ۳۲,۶۳۲
[۲۹۳] 		۱۶۶,۰۰۰
[۲۹۴] 		&1000000000000004000000040% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions where killed[۵۷]
Jewish genocide during the Russian White Terror[N ۴۲] what is now یوکرین and روس 1918 1923 ۳۰,۰۰۰
[۲۹۶][۲۹۷] 		۲۵۰,۰۰۰
[۲۹۵] 		&10000000000000002000000
1993 Genocide of Burundian Tutsis[N ۳۱]   برونڈی 1993 ۲۵,۰۰۰
[۲۹۹] 		۵۰,۰۰۰
[۳۰۰]
Genocide of Jews in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by Cossack insurgents[N ۴۳]   Zaporozhian Cossacks insurgents on territory of پولینڈ-لتھوانیا دولت مشترکہ, یوکرین and بیلاروس 1648 1657 ۱۸,۰۰۰
[۳۰۲] 		۱۰۰,۰۰۰
[۳۰۳][۳۰۴][۳۰۵][۳۰۶][۳۰۷] 		&1000000000000005000000045–50% of the Jewish population of یوکرین was killed.[۳۰۲]
Latvian Operation of the NKVD
(Latvian genocide)[N ۴۴] 		  سوویت اتحاد 1937 1938 ۱۶,۵۷۳
[۳۰۸] 		۱۶,۵۷۳
[۳۰۹]
1984ء دے سکھ مخالف فسادات & Operation Woodrose[N ۴۵]   پنجاب، بھارت, بھارت 1984 1990 ۱۵,۳۵۰
[N ۴۶] 		۲۹,۰۰۰
[N ۴۶]
Parsley massacre[N ۴۷]   جمہوریہ ڈومینیکن 1937 12,168
[۳۲۹] 		35,000
[۳۲۹]
California Genocide[N ۴۸]   کیلیفورنیا, ریاست ہائے متحدہ

1846

1873

۹,۴۹۲–16,094
[۳۳۰][۳۳۱][۳۳۴]

۱۲۰,۰۰۰
[۳۳۱][۳۳۵]

&10000000000000080000000سرخ ہندی population in California declined by 80% during the period
Queensland Aboriginal genocide[N ۴۹]   Queensland, آسٹریلیا

1840

1897

۱۰,۰۰۰
[۳۴۰] 		۶۵,۱۸۰
[۳۴۱] 		&100000000000000300000003.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed
(10,000[۳۴۰] to 65,180[۳۴۱] killed out of 125,600)سانچہ:Clarify
Rohingya genocide[N ۵۰]   میانمار

2017

Present

۹,۰۰۰–13,700
[۳۴۸]

۴۳,۰۰۰
[۳۴۹]

Decossackization[N ۵۱]   سوویت اتحاد

1917

1933

&10000000000010000000000thousands–10,000+
[۳۵۷]

۱,۰۰۰,۰۰۰
[۳۵۸]

&10000000000000004000000
Bosnian genocide[N ۵۲]   بوسنیا تے ہرزیگووینا 1992 1995 ۸,۳۷۳
[۳۶۳] 		۳۱,۱۰۷–۳۹,۱۹۹
[۳۶۴][۳۶۵] 		&10000000000000003000000More than 3% of the بوسنیائی مسلم population of بوسنیا تے ہرزیگووینا perished during the بوسنیائی جنگ.[۳۶۶]
Persecution of the Igbo by the Nigerian army[N ۵۳]   نائیجیریا 1966 1966 ۸,۰۰۰[۳۶۸] ۳۰,۰۰۰[۳۶۹]
The Sook Ching[N ۵۴]   سنگاپور and   British Malaya 1942 1942 ۵,۰۰۰
[حوالہ درکار] 		۲۵,۰۰۰
[حوالہ درکار]
Chittagong Hill Tracts genocide[N ۵۵]   Chittagong Hill Tracts, بنگلہ دیش 1977 1997 ۴,۴۰۶
[۳۷۹] 		۱۳,۲۰۶
[۳۷۹] 		&10000000000000002000000
1804 Haiti massacre[N ۵۶]   ہیٹی 1804 1804 ۳,۰۰۰[۳۸۲] ۵,۰۰۰[۳۸۲]
Selk'nam genocide[N ۵۷]   چلی, Tierra del Fuego Late 19th century Early 20th century ۲,۵۰۰
[۳۸۳] 		۳,۹۰۰
[۳۸۴] 		&1000000000000008400000084%
The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people. (Now pure Selk'nam are considered extinct.)[۳۸۴][۳۸۵]
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL[N ۵۸]   داعش-controlled territory in northern عراق and شام 2014 2019 ۲,۱۰۰–4,400
[۳۸۸] 		۱۰,۰۰۰
[۳۸۹] 		See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings
Genocide of Shia muslims by ISIL, including نصیریہ and دروز   داعش-controlled territory in northern عراق and شام and in افغانستان against the ہزارہ لوک people. 2003 (as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and successor organizations including داعش) Present (as sleeper cells) Several tens of thousands 100,000+
The Gukurahundi[N ۵۹]   زمبابوے 1983 1987 ۲,۰۰۰
[۳۹۱] 		۳۰,۰۰۰
[۳۹۲]
1572 massacres of French Huguenots[N ۶۰]   فرانس 1572 1572 2,000
[حوالہ درکار] 		70,000
[۳۹۵]
Genocide of the Moriori[N ۶۱]   جزائر چیٹم علاقہ, نیوزی لینڈ 1835 1863 ۱,۹۰۰
[۳۹۷][۳۹۸] 		۱,۹۰۰ &1000000000000009500000095% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama people from the Māori tribe.[۳۹۹][۴۰۰] All were enslaved and many were آدم خوری.[۴۰۱] They were not permitted to mix with their race.[۴۰۲] The Moriori language is now extinct.[۳۹۶][۴۰۳] There are no Moriori of unmixed ancestry left.[۳۹۸]
Conquest of the Desert and Mapuche decline[N ۶۲]   پیٹاگونیا, modern day ارجنٹائن

1870s

1884

۱,۳۱۳
[۴۰۴] 		۲۲۵,۰۰۰
[۴۰۵] 		&10000000000000090000000Mapuche population reduced from 250,000 to 25,000.[۴۰۵]
Genocide of Christians by ISIL   داعش-controlled territory in عراق, لیبیا and شام 2003 (as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and successor organizations including داعش Present (elsewhere in the world, as ISIL has lost all territory) 1000+ Thousands More than 2,000 native Christians killed in the territories controlled by ISIL or with sleeper cells, including the 2010 Baghdad church massacre, 2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya, the 2017 Palm Sunday church bombings, the 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings and the سری لنکا دھماکے، 2019ء, among others. See also: Boko Haram insurgency
Destruction of the Aché[N ۶۳]   پیراگوئے 1956 Early 1970s 900
[۴۰۷] 		۴,۰۰۰
[۴۰۸] 		85% of the Aché were wiped out (Today Aché are considered extinct).
Black War
(Genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)[N ۶۴] 		  Van Diemen's Land, آسٹریلیا Mid 1820s 1832 ۴۰۰
[۴۱۱] 		۱,۰۰۰
[۴۱۱]
Uyghur genocide
(Genocide of اویغور) 		  سنکیانگ, چین 2014 Present ۳۸۶ ۱,۵۰۰,۰۰۰
Missing and murdered Indigenous women

(Widespread murders of Indigenous peoples in Canada)

  کینیڈا 1980s Present 1,200+

نگارخانہ

سودھو
 
چیرکسی نسل کشی
چیرکسی نسل کشی 
 
مرگ انبوہ
مرگ انبوہ 
 
Holodomor دے فاقہ زدہ شکار
Holodomor دے فاقہ زدہ شکار 
 
Cambodian genocide دے مقتولین د‏‏ی کھوپڑیاں
Cambodian genocide دے مقتولین د‏‏ی کھوپڑیاں 
 
ارمنی قتل عام دے شکار
ارمنی قتل عام دے شکار 
 
1971 GenocideLiberation War Museum ڈھاکہ
1971 GenocideLiberation War Museum ڈھاکہ 
 
روانڈیائی نسل کشی دے ڈھانچے
روانڈیائی نسل کشی دے ڈھانچے 
 
Greek genocide دے شکار
Greek genocide دے شکار 
 
The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia دے شکار
The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia دے شکار 
 
Guatemalan genocide دے شکار
Guatemalan genocide دے شکار 
 
Bosnian genocide د‏‏ی لاشاں
Bosnian genocide د‏‏ی لاشاں 
 
Julius Popper carrying out Selk'nam genocide
Julius Popper carrying out Selk'nam genocide 
 
Anfal genocide قبراں
Anfal genocide قبراں 
 
East Timor genocideقبراں
East Timor genocideقبراں 
 
Dzungar genocideتصویراں
Dzungar genocideتصویراں 
 
Cathar genocide تصویراں
Cathar genocide تصویراں 
 
Darfur genocide دے دوران ماں اپنے بیمار بچے دے نال
Darfur genocide دے دوران ماں اپنے بیمار بچے دے نال 
 
2014ء وچ Isaaq genocide د‏‏ی قبراں / لاشاں
2014ء وچ Isaaq genocide د‏‏ی قبراں / لاشاں 
فائل:Ericksen Hottentotte 7 Shark Island p. 142.jpg
Herero and Namaqua genocide دے دوران طبی تجربات دے لئی سر
Herero and Namaqua genocide دے دوران طبی تجربات دے لئی سر 
 
Libyan Genocide وچ اک مرکز
Libyan Genocide وچ اک مرکز 
 
میانمار وچ Rohingya genocide روہنگیا مسلما‏ن اک مہاجر کیمپ وچ ۔
میانمار وچ Rohingya genocide روہنگیا مسلما‏ن اک مہاجر کیمپ وچ ۔ 

ہور ویکھو

سودھو

حوالے

سودھو
  1. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے HoloList لئی۔
  2. ↑ Rosenfeld, Alvin H. (2008). "The Americanization of the Holocaust", American Jewish Identity Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-02464-3. 
  3. ↑ ۳.۰ ۳.۱ ۳.۲ ۳.۳ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  4. ↑ Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2nd, Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ISBN 978-0-8018-8358-3. 
  5. ↑ Viktor N. Zemskov (2013)۔ "The Extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War" 
  6. ↑ (1995) Human losses of the Soviet Union during the second World War. St. Petersburg: Russian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0. 
  7. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے ONU2003 لئی۔
  8. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے EuroParliament لئی۔
  9. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے InfoUkes2009 لئی۔
  10. ↑ "Foreign Affairs: Ukrainian Famine (No. 680)". Journals of the Senate. 114: 2652–53. 30 October 2003. http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/work/journals/2003/jnlp_114.pdf.  Archived 24 August 2006 at the وے بیک مشین
  11. ↑ Journals of the Senate No.72, 2nd Session, 37th Parliament. 19 June 2003. pp. 994–995. https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/Chamber/372/Journals/PDF/072jr_2003-06-19.pdf. Retrieved on
    ۲۴ جولائی ۲۰۱۶.  Archived 9 October 2020 at the وے بیک مشین
  12. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  13. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  14. ↑ ۱۴.۰ ۱۴.۱ ۱۴.۲ ۱۴.۳ ۱۴.۴ ۱۴.۵ ۱۴.۶ ۱۴.۷ ۱۴.۸ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  15. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  16. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے RussianLawmakers لئی۔
  17. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے ExpressNews2005 لئی۔
  18. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Wheatcroft2001 لئی۔
  19. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے MesléVallinEtAll2003 لئی۔
  20. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Rosefielde1983 لئی۔
  21. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Marples2007 لئی۔
  22. ↑ Brent Bezo; Stefania Maggi (2015). "Living in "survival mode:" Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine". Social Science & Medicine 134: 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009. PMID 25931287. 
  23. ↑ Raphael Lemkin Papers, The New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation, Raphael Lemkin ZL-273. Reel 3. Published in L.Y. Luciuk (ed), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kingston: The Kashtan Press, 2008). Available online Archived 2012-03-02 at the وے بیک مشین
  24. ↑ (2004) The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan UK, xiv. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9. 
  25. ↑ Tauger, Mark B. (2001). "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506): 1–65. doi:10.5195/CBP.2001.89. ISSN 2163-839X. https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90. 
  26. ↑ Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2014). "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism". History of the Present 4 (2): 115–142. doi:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115. http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  28. ↑ Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. New York City: St. Martin's Press, 116–117. ISBN 978-0-312-36624-7. 
  29. ↑ Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis, ed. (1995). The Cambridge History of China: Vol. VI: Alien Regimes & Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg. 214.
  30. ↑ Mote 1999, pg. 256
  31. ↑ Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900-1800. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 256–257. ISBN 0-674-01212-7. 
  32. ↑ Frederick W. Mote (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 256–7. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7. 
  33. ↑ "Doeke Eisma", Chinggis Qan and the Conquest of Eurasia: A Biography, 100. 
  34. ↑ (2011-10-15) The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China, 50. ISBN 978-0-674-06202-3. 
  35. ↑ Bowman, Rocco (2014). "Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino- Tangut Relations, 960- 1127". The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced 2: 11. https://escholarship.org/content/qt96h3q8fx/qt96h3q8fx.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038–44, 150-190., In Wyatt, 153. 
  37. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Frey2009 لئی۔
  38. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے YaleUniv لئی۔
  39. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Terry2002 لئی۔
  40. ↑ ۴۰.۰ ۴۰.۱ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Heuveline2001 لئی۔
  41. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Mayersan2013 لئی۔
  42. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے DeMello2013 لئی۔
  43. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے MapCambo لئی۔
  44. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے CNN_Aug2014 لئی۔
  45. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  46. ↑ "Welcome | Genocide Studies Program"۔ gsp.yale.edu 
  47. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Shawcross1985 لئی۔
  48. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Etcheson2005 لئی۔
  49. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Heuveline1998 لئی۔
  50. ↑ Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Hachette UK, 90. ISBN 978-0-465-03297-6. 
  51. ↑ ۵۱.۰ ۵۱.۱ (1993) in John Arch Getty, Roberta Thompson Manning: Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 265. ISBN 978-0-521-44670-9. 
  52. ↑ European Society for Central Asian Studies (2004). in Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig: Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies. LIT Verlag Münster, 236. ISBN 978-3-8258-8309-6. 
  53. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے RahmanRep0 لئی۔
  54. ↑ Dummett, Mark (2011-12-16). "How one newspaper report changed world history" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201. 
  55. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے BBC0310 لئی۔
  56. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے BDdeathcount لئی۔
  57. ↑ ۵۷.۰ ۵۷.۱ ۵۷.۲ "GENOCIDES from 1915 to 2006"۔ ۱۴ اپریل ۲۰۱۹ میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  58. ↑ Quoting from Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.:سانچہ:Better source
  59. ↑ R.J. Rummel (January 1997). Death By Government. Routledge, 331. ISBN 1-56000-927-6. “The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide (i.e. Rummel's 'death by government') are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. … The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualized over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II).” 
  60. ↑ 1 in 25 is equal to 4% of Bangladesh's total population killed
  61. ↑ Koenraad Elst. Was There an Islamic "Genocide of Hindus?". "2 million deaths out of 9.5 million Hindus". 
  62. ↑ ۶۲.۰ ۶۲.۱ Ginsborg, Paul (2014). Family Politics: Domestic Life, Devastation and Survival, 1900–1950. Yale University Press, 100. ISBN 978-0-300-21105-4. 
  63. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے RAdalian لئی۔
  64. ↑ Robert Cribb (2004). in Samuel Totten: The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966. Information Age Publishing, 133–143. ISBN 1-59311-074-X. 
  65. ↑ ۶۵.۰ ۶۵.۱ Melvin, Jess (2017). "Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide". Journal of Genocide Research 19 (4): 487–511. doi:10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942. 
  66. ↑ ۶۶.۰ ۶۶.۱ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. مطبع یونیورسٹی پرنسٹن. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3. 
  67. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  68. ↑ "The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened?"۔ Maastricht University 
  69. ↑ ۶۹.۰ ۶۹.۱ Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. روٹلیج, 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4. 
  70. ↑ ۷۰.۰ ۷۰.۱ Mark Aarons (2007). "International Humanitarian Law", Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 80. ISBN 978-9004156913. 
  71. ↑ ۷۱.۰ ۷۱.۱ KWOK, YENNI (2015-09-30). "The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On". Time. http://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacre-holocaust-killings-1965. 
  72. ↑ ۷۲.۰ ۷۲.۱ "Indonesia's killing fields". الجزیرہ. 2012-12-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20150214005113/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html. Retrieved on
    ۲۴ جنوری ۲۰۱۶. 
  73. ↑ ۷۳.۰ ۷۳.۱ (July 2003) The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 290–291. ISBN 978-0-521-52750-7. 
  74. ↑ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. مطبع یونیورسٹی پرنسٹن, 3. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3. 
  75. ↑ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. مطبع یونیورسٹی پرنسٹن, 4. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3. “And while there is still no consensus on the matter, some scholars have described the Indonesian violence as genocide.” 
  76. ↑ (2018) The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies (Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-71454-7. 
  77. ↑ Kwok, Yenni (20 July 2016). "Indonesia's Mass Killings of 1965 Were Crimes Against Humanity, International Judges Say". ٹائم (رسالہ). http://time.com/4414438/indonesia-crimes-against-humanity-1965/. "The tribunal concludes that those acts were intended to annihilate a section of the population and could be categorized as genocide." 
  78. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے {{{1}}} لئی۔
  79. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے RwandaNews لئی۔
  80. ↑ Bierstadt, Edward Hale (1924). The Great Betrayal; A Survey of the Near East Problem. New York: RM McBride & Co., 67. ISBN 0-89241-650-5. 
  81. ↑ Jones 2010, p. 166, An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous 'population exchanges' that set the seal on a heavily 'Turkified' state."سانچہ:مکمل حوالہ درکار.
  82. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Millward2007 لئی۔
  83. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Sino1 لئی۔
  84. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Sino2 لئی۔
  85. ↑ ۸۵.۰ ۸۵.۱ ۸۵.۲ ۸۵.۳ ۸۵.۴ ۸۵.۵ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Zungar2 لئی۔
  86. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Sino3 لئی۔
  87. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Latti1950 لئی۔
  88. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Zungar1 لئی۔
  89. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Moses2008 لئی۔
  90. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  91. ↑ Galina Yemelianova (April 2014). Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus, 3. 
  92. ↑ Paul Goble (2005-07-15). "Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide". Radio Free Europe (Radio Liberty) 8 (23). http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1341730.html. 
  93. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  94. ↑ ۹۴.۰ ۹۴.۱ "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century". نیو یارک ٹائمز. May 21, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html. 
  95. ↑ Hildebrandt, Amber (2012-08-14). "Russia's Sochi Olympics awakens Circassian anger". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/09/f-sochi-olympics-russia-circassians.html. Retrieved on
    ۱۵ اگست ۲۰۱۲. 
  96. ↑ "Georgia Recognizes 'Circassian Genocide'". Civil Georgia. 2011-05-20. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23472. Retrieved on
    ۱۸ ستمبر ۲۰۱۲. 
  97. ↑ "Грузия признала геноцид черкесов в царской России // Сайт "Лента.Ру"" (in ru). lenta.ru. 2011-05-20. http://lenta.ru/news/2011/05/20/cherkesy. 
  98. ↑ "Russians won't admit expulsion of Circassians was genocide — but Ukrainians should"۔ Euromaiden Press۔ 2016-05-21 
  99. ↑ Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). in Levine, Mark D: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide, 154. “The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million” 
  100. ↑ "145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue". Reuters. May 22, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174523/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/22/idUS104971%2B22-May-2009%2BPRN20090522. Retrieved on
    ۲۸ نومبر ۲۰۰۹. 
  101. ↑ Ellen Barry (May 20, 2011). "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html. 
  102. ↑ Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide, 132. “If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported.” 
  103. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Fischer2007 لئی۔
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  107. ↑ (1880) The figurative demography of Algeria. Paris: Masson. 
  108. ↑ Kateb, Kamel (2001). Europeans Indigenes" and Jews in Algeria (1830–1962). Paris: Ined / Puf. 
  109. ↑ Bertrand Taithe (2010-12-15). "La famine de 1866–1868 : anatomie d'une catastrophe et construction médiatique d'un événement". Revue d'Histoire du Xixe Siècle. Société d'Histoire de la Révolution de 1848 et des Révolutions du Xixe Siècle (41): 113–127. doi:10.4000/rh19.4051. https://journals.openedition.org/rh19/4051. 
  110. ↑ Chrisafis, Angelique. "Turkey accuses France of genocide in Algeria". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/23/turkey-accuses-france-genocide-algeria. 
  111. ↑ "Turkey accuses France of genocide in colonial Algeria". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16314373. 
  112. ↑ (2007) Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur, 374. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3. 
  113. ↑ Nicolas Journet۔ "Pour en finir avec la repentance coloniale"۔ Sciences Humaines 
  114. ↑ "To put an end to colonial repentance" 
  115. ↑ Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2014). Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale, 1830–1962. ISBN 9782707182319. 
  116. ↑ ۱۱۶.۰ ۱۱۶.۱ Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur, 364–365. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3. 
  117. ↑ Rivoire, Jean-Baptiste (2011-12-08). The crime of Tibhirine: Revelations about those responsible. ISBN 9782707170729. 
  118. ↑ (2005) Colonize Exterminate. On War and the Colonial State.  See also Benjamin Claude Brower. A Desert named Peace. The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844–1902. New York: Columbia University Press. 
  119. ↑ "VII", Federal Constitution of Brazil Article 231. 
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  125. ↑ Rudolph Rummel estimates the following Indian deaths:سانچہ:Where
    • Under republic (1900–30): 50,000 democides
    • Under Vargas (1930–45): 60,000
    • Under Dutra/Vargas (1945–64): 50,000
    • Under military (1964–85): 75,000
    TOTAL: 235,000
  126. ↑ Robert Hitchcock (1997). in Samuel Totten: Century of Genocide. ISBN 0-415-99085-8. “Indian population of Brazil declined from 1.0M to 0.2M between 1900 and 1957, a net loss of 800,000” 
  127. ↑ Ribeiro, Darcy (196). in Janice Hopper: Indigenous Cultures and Languages in Brazil. “87 Indian tribes in Brazil went extinct between 1900 and 1957 (Out of an original 230)” 
  128. ↑ Lemkin, Raphael (2012). Lemkin on Genocide. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 71. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5. 
  129. ↑ (1998) Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 50. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3. 
  130. ↑ (2016) The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO, 214. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4. 
  131. ↑ Robertson, John M. (1902). A Short History of Christianity. London, UK: Watts & Co., 254. 
  132. ↑ Travis, Hannibal (December 2006). Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I 1, 327–371. 
  133. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے LookLex لئی۔
  134. ↑ genocidal or near-genocidal:
    • (24 November 1995) in Albert Breton: Regulating nations and ethnic communities. Cambridge University Press, 248. ISBN 978-0-521-48098-7. “"Oliver Cromwell offered the Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer. They could go 'To Hell or to Connaught!'"” 
    • Tim Pat Coogan (5 January 2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, 6. ISBN 978-0-312-29418-2. “The massacres by Catholics of Protestants, which occurred in the religious wars of the 1640s, were magnified for propagandist purposes to justify Cromwell's subsequent genocide.” 
    • Peter Berresford Ellis (9 February 2007). Eyewitness to Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-05312-6.  "It was to be the justification for Cromwell's genocidal campaign and settlement."
    • Levene 2005 "[The Act of Settlement of Ireland], and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state."
  135. ↑ Daniel Chirot. Why Some Wars Become Genocidal and Others Don't. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington.  Archived August 17, 2008, at the وے بیک مشین
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  137. ↑ ۱۳۷.۰ ۱۳۷.۱ Mícheál Ó Siochrú (2008-09-16). "Cromwell in Ireland Part 2". RTÉ ONE. 
  138. ↑ ۱۳۸.۰ ۱۳۸.۱ Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998, p. 278. Scott Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland.
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  141. ↑ Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed Within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Between March 1993 and June 2003. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2010. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf. 
  142. ↑ Ezimet, Kisangani (2000). "The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law". The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge University Press) 38 (2): 163–202. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X. 
  143. ↑ ۱۴۳.۰ ۱۴۳.۱ ۱۴۳.۲ (2009) The Great African War : Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
  144. ↑ F. Emizet, Kisangani N. (July 2000). "The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law". The Journal of Modern African Studies 38 (2): 163–202. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X. 
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  146. ↑ Akçam, Taner (2006) A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York سانچہ:آئی ایس بی این
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  150. ↑ Cleveland, William L. (2000). A History of the Modern Middle East, 2nd, Boulder, CO: Westview, 119. ISBN 0-8133-3489-6. 
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  152. ↑ (December 2010) Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010). ISBN 9789077922736. 
  153. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
  154. ↑ جولیس سیزر, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.1-15
  155. ↑ Lee, K.H. "Caesar's Encounter with the Usipetes and the Tencteri." Greece & Rome 2nd vol. 2 (1969): 100-103.
  156. ↑ ۱۵۶.۰ ۱۵۶.۱ "Julius Caesar battlefield unearthed in southern Netherlands". دی گارڈین. 11 December 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/11/julius-caesar-battlefield-unearthed-southern-netherlands-dutch-archaeologists. 
  157. ↑ ۱۵۷.۰ ۱۵۷.۱ Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3. 
  158. ↑ ۱۵۸.۰ ۱۵۸.۱ Kiernan, Ben (2004-08-01). "The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC" (in en). Diogenes 51 (3): 27–39. doi:10.1177/0392192104043648. ISSN 0392-1921. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cd2f91b9f91c690ed2adc5e071d8313e2ead8a6c. 
  159. ↑ Leavesley, Jordana (in en). Melos and Carthage: Genocide in the Ancient World. https://www.academia.edu/31572631. 
  160. ↑ Rubinstein, William D. (2014-07-10). Genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86996-2. 
  161. ↑ Mann, Michael (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53854-1. 
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  169. ↑ (2000) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press, 47. ISBN 978-0-231-50590-1. Retrieved on 5 July 2016. 
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  172. ↑ Ellman, Michael (June 2007). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited". Europe-Asia Studies 59 (4): 663–693. doi:10.1080/09668130701291899. 
  173. ↑ Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2003). Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Vintage Books, 229. ISBN 1-4000-7678-1. 
  174. ↑ Prof. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (2011-01-15). Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned). Rzeczpospolita. http://www.rp.pl/artykul/594183.html. Retrieved on
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  181. ↑ Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 217. ISBN 978-0-521-19196-8. 
  182. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
    Almost all victims of the NKVD shootings were men, wrote Michał Jasiński, most with families. Their wives and children were dealt with by the NKVD Order No. 00486. The women were generally sentenced to deportation to Kazakhstan for an average of 5 to 10 years. Orphaned children without relatives willing to take them were put in orphanages to be brought up as Soviet, with no knowledge of their origins. All possessions of the accused were confiscated. The parents of the executed men – as well as their in-laws – were left with nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well. Statistical extrapolation, wrote Jasiński, increases the number of Polish victims in 1937–1938 to around 200–250,000 depending on size of their families.
  183. ↑ Michael Ellman, Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited Archived 2007-10-14 at the وے بیک مشین پی ڈی ایف file page 686
  184. ↑ ۱۸۴.۰ ۱۸۴.۱ Nekrich, Aleksandr. The Punished Peoples. 
  185. ↑ ۱۸۵.۰ ۱۸۵.۱ Dunlop. Russia Confronts Chechnya, 62–70. 
  186. ↑ ۱۸۶.۰ ۱۸۶.۱ Moshe Gammer (2006). Lone Wolf and the Bear. University of Pittsburgh Press, 166–171. ISBN 0-8229-5898-8. 
  187. ↑ ۱۸۷.۰ ۱۸۷.۱ R. J. Rummel (1990). Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-887-3. Retrieved on 2014-03-01. 
  188. ↑ "UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944"۔ unpo.org 
  189. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  190. ↑ Wong, Tom K. (2015). Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control. Stanford University Press. p. 68. سانچہ:آئی ایس بی این. LCCN 2014038930. page 68
  191. ↑ Chanturiya, Kazbek (23 February 2017). "After 73 years, the memory of Stalin's deportation of Chechens and Ingush still haunts the survivors". OC Media. https://oc-media.org/after-73-years-the-memory-of-stalins-deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-still-haunts-the-survivors/. Retrieved on
    ۲۷ نومبر ۲۰۱۹. 
  192. ↑ Wood, Tony. Chechnya: the Case for Independence, 37–38. 
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  197. ↑ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Degomme, Olivier (2005). "Darfur: counting the deaths (2). What are the trends?". Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:179717. 
  198. ↑ Reeves, Eric (2006-04-28). Quantifying Genocide in Darfur. 
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    ۲۶ اپریل ۲۰۱۵. 
  202. ↑ "Genocide Against the Kurds in Iraq: Iraq and International Recognition Over Time". uk.gov.krd. http://uk.gov.krd/genocide/pages/page.aspx?lngnr=12&smap=140000&pnr=42. Retrieved on
    ۲۳ مئی ۲۰۱۷. 
  203. ↑ ۲۰۳.۰ ۲۰۳.۱ Rudolph J. Rummel۔ "Chapter 14 The Horde of Centi-kilo Murderers Estimates, Calculations, and Sources"۔ Statistics of Democide۔ Rows 1313, 1314 
  204. ↑ ۲۰۴.۰ ۲۰۴.۱ Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
    https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF row 1313 and 1314
    1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would have died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used.
  205. ↑ (2016-08-16) Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence, 289. ISBN 978-1-316-71256-6. 
  206. ↑ (2010) Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon, 485, 499–501. 
  207. ↑ (2003) Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves, 489–492. 
  208. ↑ "The Tragedy of the Missing Barzanis"۔ Kurdistan Memory Programme۔ ۱۹ نومبر ۲۰۱۹ میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  209. ↑ Dave Jones۔ "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein
    1983 The Missing Barzanis"    ۔ Frontline World۔ PBS     
  210. ↑ ۲۱۰.۰ ۲۱۰.۱ GENOCIDE IN IRAQ Human Rights Watch, 1993
  211. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  212. ↑ Micah Zenko۔ "Remembering the Iraqi Uprising Twenty-Five Years Ago"۔ Council on Foreign Relations 
  213. ↑ ۲۱۳.۰ ۲۱۳.۱ 1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy, Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least April 13th (b) up to between May 1st and May 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
  214. ↑ Simon Payaslian۔ "20th Century Genocides"۔ Oxford bibliographies 
  215. ↑ "Genocide Studies Program: East Timor"۔ Yale.edu 
  216. ↑ "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!" (PDF) 
  217. ↑ "Chega! The CAVR Report"۔ May 13, 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  218. ↑ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
    *This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.
    "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report" (PDF) 
    "The CAVR Report"۔ ۱۳ مئی ۲۰۱۲ میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  219. ↑ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings:*This estimates comes from taking the maximum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the maximum starved.
    Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  220. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے BurWhite لئی۔
  221. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے ICIBFR02_85 لئی۔
  222. ↑ ۲۲۲.۰ ۲۲۲.۱ Krueger, Robert; Krueger, Kathleen Tobin (2007). From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi : Our Embassy Years During Genocide (PDF). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71486-1., 29. 
  223. ↑ ۲۲۳.۰ ۲۲۳.۱ Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006). Benito Mussolini: the first fascist. Pearson Longman, 109. 
  224. ↑ ۲۲۴.۰ ۲۲۴.۱ Mann, Michael (2006). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press, 309. ISBN 978-0-521-53854-1. 
  225. ↑ Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (23 March 2011). Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, Second Edition (in en). SUNY Press, 146. ISBN 978-1-4384-2893-2. 
  226. ↑ Totten, Samuel (2008). Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. ABC-CLIO, 259. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2. 
  227. ↑ ۲۲۷.۰ ۲۲۷.۱ ۲۲۷.۲ ۲۲۷.۳ Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 497. 
  228. ↑ Cooper, Tom (January 19, 2015). Libyan Air Wars: Part 1: 1973–1985. Helion and Company, 5. ISBN 978-1-910777-51-0. 
  229. ↑ Nina Consuelo Epton (1953). Oasis Kingdom: The Libyan Story. New York: Roy Publishers, 126. 
  230. ↑ Stewart, C.C. (1986). "Islam", The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 7: c. 1905 – c. 1940. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 
  231. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  232. ↑ Bloxham, Donald (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 358. 
  233. ↑ Oxford Business Group (2008). The Report: Libya 2008, 17. 
  234. ↑ Wright, John (1982). A History of Modern Libya. 
  235. ↑ ۲۳۵.۰ ۲۳۵.۱ Penketh, Anne (2004-07-07). "Extermination of the pygmies". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/extermination-of-the-pygmies-552332.html. Retrieved on
    ۲۱ دسمبر ۲۰۱۸. 
  236. ↑ Penketh 2004.
  237. ↑ ۲۳۷.۰ ۲۳۷.۱ ۲۳۷.۲ "Between October 2002 and January 2003, two the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le Tableau" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers. 11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated" see: Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  238. ↑ "Senate recognizes Volhynia massacre to be genocide". http://tass.ru/en/world/887135. 
  239. ↑ "Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide". Radio Poland. http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/263005,Polish-MPs-adopt-resolution-calling-1940s-massacre-genocide. 
  240. ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi (1996). A History of Ukraine, 681. ISBN 0-8020-7820-6. 
  241. ↑ Mikolaj Terles (1993). Ethnic cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, 1942–1946 (ZZWRP), 61. ISBN 0-9698020-0-5. 
  242. ↑ Czesław Partacz. Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946 (in pl). 
  243. ↑ Lucyna Kulińska (2009). Dzieci Kresów III (in pl), 467. 
  244. ↑ Józef Turowski (1990). Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. “Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie” 
  245. ↑ Władysław Siemaszko (2000). Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistoẃ ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia, 1939–1945 2 (in pl), 1056. ISBN 83-87689-34-3. 
  246. ↑ Grzegorz Hryciuk (2005). Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931–1948 (in pl). Toruń, 139. ISBN 83-7441-121-X. 
  247. ↑ Robert Potocki (2003). Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939, 47–50. ISBN 83-917615-4-1. 
  248. ↑ Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2016-07-02). ""We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia". African Security 9 (3): 237–58. doi:10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475. ISSN 1939-2206. 
  249. ↑ Mullin, Chris (2010-10-01). A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84765-186-0. 
  250. ↑ ۲۵۰.۰ ۲۵۰.۱ ۲۵۰.۲ Mburu, Chris (2002-01-01). Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia). 
  251. ↑ Peifer, Douglas C. (2009-05-01). Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4379-1281-4. 
  252. ↑ Straus, Scott (2015-03-24). Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5567-4. 
  253. ↑ ۲۵۳.۰ ۲۵۳.۱ Jones, Adam (2017-01-22). Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-191-4. 
  254. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  255. ↑ (2006) Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership. International Crisis Group, 5.  Archived 2017-02-02 at the وے بیک مشین
  256. ↑ Tekle, Amare (1994-01-01). Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-97-4. 
  257. ↑ Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics. p. 10. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf. 
  258. ↑ Press, Robert M. (1999-01-01). The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1704-4. 
  259. ↑ Lindley, Anna (2013-01-15). The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances (in en). Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-328-4. 
  260. ↑ (2005) Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics. World Bank, 10. 
  261. ↑ Law, Ian (2010-01-01). Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions. Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-5912-7. 
  262. ↑ "Africa Watch". Volume 5: 4. 1993. 
  263. ↑ Straus, Scott (2015-03-24). Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa (in en). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5567-4. 
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  265. ↑ Tomasevich 1975, p. 170.
  266. ↑ Lerner 1994, p. 105.
  267. ↑ Mulaj 2008, p. 42.
  268. ↑ ۲۶۸.۰ ۲۶۸.۱ ۲۶۸.۲ Vladimir Geiger (2012). "Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators". Revue für Kroatische Geschichte = Revue d'Histoire Croate VIII (1): 77–121. http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en. 
  269. ↑ (1997) Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts. Routledge, 430. ISBN 978-0-203-89043-1. Retrieved on 11 January 2011. 
  270. ↑ Geiger 2012, pp. 103, 117.
  271. ↑ Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. New York: Tylor and Francis, 84. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0. 
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  273. ↑ Petrie, Charles (2012). "Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka" (in en). United Nations Digital Library System. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/737299?ln=en. 
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  276. ↑ Legters 1992, p. 104.
  277. ↑ Fisher 2014, p. 150.
  278. ↑ Allworth 1998, p. 216.
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  280. ↑ ۲۸۰.۰ ۲۸۰.۱ Buckley, Cynthia J. (2008). Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 207. ISBN 978-0-8018-9075-8. 
  281. ↑ Allworth, Edward (1998). The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents. Durham: Duke University Press, 6. ISBN 978-0-8223-1994-8. OCLC 610947243. 
  282. ↑ 34 page۔ ""Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations" (PDF)۔ Human Rights Watch 1991 
  283. ↑ ۲۸۳.۰ ۲۸۳.۱ ۲۸۳.۲ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Nuhn89 لئی۔
  284. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے WhitakerRep لئی۔
  285. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے HereroBiblio لئی۔
  286. ↑ "Germany admits Namibia genocide". BBC. August 14, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm. Retrieved on
    ۲۰ فروری ۲۰۱۶. 
  287. ↑ "German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia". The Guardian. August 16, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum. Retrieved on
    ۲۰ فروری ۲۰۱۶. 
  288. ↑ "UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985"۔ Prevent Genocide International۔ paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10 
  289. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے UN0399 لئی۔
  290. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے CEH1999 لئی۔
  291. ↑ CEH 1999, p. 20.
  292. ↑ CEH 1999, p. 23.
  293. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے MayaMin لئی۔
  294. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے MayaMax لئی۔
  295. ↑ ۲۹۵.۰ ۲۹۵.۱ "UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24 pages 5 to 10» ."۔ preventgenocideinternational۔ ۱۳ جون ۲۰۱۹ میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  296. ↑ ۲۹۶.۰ ۲۹۶.۱ "History and Culture of Jews in Ukraine ("«Нариси з історії та культури євреїв України»)«Дух і літера» publ., Kyiv, 2008, с. 128 – 135
  297. ↑ ۲۹۷.۰ ۲۹۷.۱ D. Vital. Zionism: the crucial phase. Oxford University Press. 1987. p. 359
  298. ↑ R. Pipes. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution. Vintage Books. 1996. p. 262.
  299. ↑ Totten, Samuel (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Psychology Press, 331. ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4. 
  300. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Totten2004 لئی۔
  301. ↑ Samuel Totten (2004). Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing, 25. ISBN 1-59311-074-X. “A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 …”  .
  302. ↑ ۳۰۲.۰ ۳۰۲.۱ Stampfer, Shaul (2003). "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?". Jewish History 17 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1023/A:1022308423637. 
  303. ↑ Edward H. Flannery (2004). The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press, 158. ISBN 0-8091-4324-0. “footnote 33, p. 327” 
  304. ↑ Max I. Dimont (2004). Jews, God, and History. Signet Classic, 247. ISBN 0-451-52940-5. 
  305. ↑ Martin Gilbert (1976). Jewish History Atlas, 530. ISBN 3-11-013715-1. “cited in Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870–1933/39, Walter de Gruyter, 1993, p. 1013” 
  306. ↑ Other 1960s–1980s estimates of Jews killed:
    • Hannah Vogt (1967). "The Jews: A Chronicle for Christian Conscience". Association Press: p. 72. "In 1648, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, they ravaged the land with fire and sword. Their hatred of the Jews was boundless and they rarely attempted to persuade the unfortunate to convert. These persecutions were characterized by hitherto-unknown atrocities. Children were torn apart or thrown into the fire before the eyes of their mothers, women were burned alive, men were skinned and mutilated. People must have thought hell had let loose all the tormenting monsters that medieval painters had portrayed dragging the condemned to eternal punishment. The roads were choked with thousands of refugees trying to escape the murderous hordes. The famous rabbis of the Talmud schools died by the hundreds as martyrs for their faith. The total number of the dead was estimated at about one hundred thousand." 
    • Richard L. Rubenstein (1974). Power Struggle: An Autobiographical Confession. Scribner, 95. “In their revolt, the Ukrainians slaughtered over one hundred thousand Jews.” 
    • Chaim Bermant (1978). The Jews. Redwood Burn, 12. ISBN 0-297-77419-0. “Thus, when in 1648, the Ukrainians under Chmielnicki rose against Polish dominion the Jews were to bear the main brunt of their fury. Within eighteen months over three hundred Jewish townships were destroyed and over one hundred thousand Jews—about a fifth of Polish Jewry—perished. It was the greatest calamity the Jews were to experience until the rise of Hitler.” 
    • David Bamberger (1978). My People: Abba Eban's History of the Jews. Behrman House, 184–185. ISBN 0-87441-263-3. “Under the leadership of the barbaric Bogdan Chmielnitski, they exploded in a revolt of terrible violence in which their anger at their Polish lords also turned against Jewish 'infidels,' some of whom had been used by the Poles as tax collectors... In the ten years between 1648 and 1658 no fewer than 100,000 Jews were killed” 
    • Gertrude Hirschler (1988). Ashkenaz: The German Jewish Heritage, 64. “… set off bloody massacres, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657), in which nearly 300,000 Eastern European Jews were killed or uprooted” 
  307. ↑ Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed:
    • Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
    • Oscar Reiss (2004). The Jews in Colonial America. McFarland & Company, 98–99. ISBN 0-7864-1730-7. “The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. … It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed” 
    • Manus I. Midlarsky (2005). The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press, 352. ISBN 0-521-81545-2. “Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding century” 
    • Martin Gilbert (1999). Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past. Columbia University Press, 219. ISBN 0-231-10965-2. “… as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage” 
    • Samuel Totten (2004). Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing, 25. ISBN 1-59311-074-X. “A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 …” 
    • Cara Camcastle (2005). The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy. McGill-Queen's Press, 26. ISBN 0-7735-2976-4. “In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000 Jews” 
    • Colin Martin Tatz (2003). With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide. Verso, 146. ISBN 1-85984-550-9. “Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?” 
    • Mosheh Weiss (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People. Rowman & Littlefield, 193. ISBN 0-7425-4402-8. “… massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier.” 
  308. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
  309. ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1 at line 4444: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
  310. ↑ K. Singh: "Congress (I) is the Most Communal Party", Publik Asia, 16 November 1989.
  311. ↑ Rana, Yudhvir (16 July 2010). "Sikh clergy: 1984 riots 'genocide'". The Times of India. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/india/28284593_1_sikhs-justice. Retrieved on
    ۴ نومبر ۲۰۱۰. 
  312. ↑ "AAP govt to pay Rs 120cr to kin of 1984 riot victims" 
  313. ↑ PTI (22 April 2015). "California assembly describes 1984 riots as 'genocide'". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/California-assembly-describes-1984-riots-as-genocide/articleshow/47011681.cms. Retrieved on
    ۱۰ مارچ ۲۰۱۹. 
  314. ↑ "Bill Text"۔ ca.gov 
  315. ↑ "Canadians have a right to be 'concerned' about 1984 Sikh massacre, Harjit Sajjan says". http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-india-massacre-1.4076467. 
  316. ↑ "Ontario's resolution on '84 riots 'unreal', says Jaitley". http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/ontario-passes-motion-describing-1984-anti-sikh-riots-as-genocide/story-1YPs2tiMkvtW2Tp7UDyydK.html. 
  317. ↑ "An Act Designating Various Days and Weeks" 
  318. ↑ "1984 riots were 'Sikh genocide': Akal Takht – Hindustan Times". Hindustan Times. 14 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100717030351/http://www.hindustantimes.com/1984-riots-were-Sikh-genocide-Akal-Takht/Article1-572372.aspx. Retrieved on
    ۱۷ جولائی ۲۰۱۰. 
  319. ↑ ۳۱۹.۰ ۳۱۹.۱ ۳۱۹.۲ Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab. Psychology Press, 108–109. ISBN 978-0-415-20108-7. Retrieved on 22 July 2011. 
  320. ↑ Jaijee, Inderjit Singh, 1931- (1999). Politics of genocide : Punjab, 1984–1998. Ajanta Publications. OCLC 606518497. 
  321. ↑ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar۔ "What Delhi HC Order On 1984 Anti-Sikh Pogrom Says About 2002 Gujarat Riots"۔ The Wire 
  322. ↑ Joseph, Paul (11 October 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE. p. 433. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5.
  323. ↑ Punjab militancy: There have been 12,000 deaths. One India.
  324. ↑ Cambeira, Alan (1997). Quisqueya la bella, 1996, M.E. Sharpe, 182. ISBN 1-56324-936-7. 
    anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.
  325. ↑ (2016-02-16) Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930–1961. ISBN 978-0-8229-8103-9. 
  326. ↑ Turtis, 590.
  327. ↑ (2012) Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers. McFarland, 53. 
  328. ↑ سائیٹ غلطی: نا منیا جان والا <ref> ٹیگ کوئی لکھت نئیں دتی گئی اتے پتے Turits لئی۔
  329. ↑ ۳۲۹.۰ ۳۲۹.۱ (2014-04-08) Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola. ISBN 978-1-4668-6788-8. 
  330. ↑ ۳۳۰.۰ ۳۳۰.۱ Benjamin Madley
    An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe,1846–1873
  331. ↑ ۳۳۱.۰ ۳۳۱.۱ ۳۳۱.۲ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
  332. ↑ Ben Kiernan. "8", Blood and Soil A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur, 310–363. 
  333. ↑ Heizer (1993). Crescent City Herald, 35–36. “quoted in Sacramento newspaper” 
  334. ↑ Only the range of deaths caused by massacred
  335. ↑ The total population decline of the period overall
  336. ↑ Ørsted-Jensen (2011).
  337. ↑ Ray Gibbons. The Partial Case for Queensland Genocide. https://www.academia.edu/12016000. 
  338. ↑ Hannah Baldry; Alisa McKeon; Scott McDougal. "Queensland's Frontier Killing Times – Facing Up to Genocide". QUT Law Review 15 (1): 92–113. ISSN 2201-7275. https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/view/583/564. 
  339. ↑ Alison Palmer (1998). "Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories". Ethnic and Racial Studies 21: 89–115. doi:10.1080/014198798330115. 
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  342. ↑ R.C. (23 May 2018). "The Rohingya crisis bears all the hallmarks of a genocide". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/05/23/the-rohingya-crisis-bears-all-the-hallmarks-of-a-genocide. Retrieved on
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  367. ↑ Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). "The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War". African Affairs 71 (285): 408–426. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282. 
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  373. ↑ Mey 1984.
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  378. ↑ "Tipraland movement: Autonomy is core to Tripura's tribal politics, but gaining power in state Assembly would be wiser" 
  379. ↑ ۳۷۹.۰ ۳۷۹.۱ "Massacres in the CHT"۔ Angelfire۔ The sum of all dead listed in each massacre of the article"hundreds" or "thousands" will be assumed to equal anywhere from 100 to 900 or 1,000 to 9,000۔ ۰۱ نومبر ۲۰۱۹ میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  380. ↑ Girard, "Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4," p. ???.
  381. ↑ Robins, Nicholas A. and Adam Jones. "Introduction: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice." In: Robins, Nicholas A. and Adam Jones (editors). Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice. Indiana University Press, 2009. سانچہ:آئی ایس بی این, 9780253220776. p. 3: "The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as "subaltern genocide": cases in which subaltern actors—those objectively oppressed and disempowered—adopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their[…]" -- Also stated in Jones, Adam. Chapter 11: "Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed." In: The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections. Routledge, June 26, 2013. سانچہ:آئی ایس بی این, 9781135047153. p. 169.
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  390. ↑ Stuart Doran (19 May 2015)۔ "Zimbabwe: new documents claim to prove Mugabe ordered Gukurahundi killings" – www.theguardian.com سے 
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  395. ↑ Saint Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of (2008) Encyclopædia Britannica Deluxe Edition, Chicago; Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont, Catholic Archbishop of Paris a century later, put the number at 100,000, but "This last number is probably exaggerated, if we reckon only those who perished by a violent death. But if we add those who died from wretchedness, hunger, sorrow, abandoned old men, women without shelter, children without bread,—all the miserable whose life was shortened by this great catastrophe, we shall see that the estimate of Péréfixe is still below the reality." G. D. Félice (1851). History of the Protestants of France. New York: Edward Walker, p. 217.
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  398. ↑ ۳۹۸.۰ ۳۹۸.۱ "Tommy Solomon"۔ ۲۳ جنوری ۲۰۱۶ میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
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  404. ↑ George V. Rauch (1999). The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute With Chile, 1870–1902. Greenwood Publishing Group, 47. 
  405. ↑ ۴۰۵.۰ ۴۰۵.۱ Ward Churchill. A Little Matter of Genocide, 109. 
  406. ↑ Melia, B a, L. Miraglia, M. Munzel, and C. Munzel. (1973) La Agonía de los Aché Guayaki: Historia y Cantos. Centro de Estudios Antropológicos, Universidad Católica: Asunción.
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  408. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/04/140408_ultnot_paraguay_ache_indigenas_justicia_irm.shtml
  409. ↑ Reynolds, Henry (2004). in A. Dirk Moses: Genocide in Tasmania?. Berghan Books, 128. 
  410. ↑ Clements 2014, p. 4سانچہ:مکمل حوالہ درکار
  411. ↑ ۴۱۱.۰ ۴۱۱.۱ Clements 2013, pp. 329–331سانچہ:مکمل حوالہ درکار


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