قدیم فلسفہ

Indian philosophy begins with the وید where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous رگ وید Hymn of Creation (Nasadiya Sukta) the poet says:

فائل:Sanjayas's Foreknowledge.jpg

ویاس، at وسط picture

"Whence all creation had its origin,

he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,

he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,

he knows—or maybe even he does not know."

In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (Purusha)۔ This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma۔ Nature (prakriti) is taken to have three qualities (sattva، rajas، and tamas)۔

Sramana philosophy

جین مت and بدھ مت are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. Cārvāka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named بعد وچ its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

Classical Indian philosophy

In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:

What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
How is cognition itself experienced?
Is mind (chit) intentional or not?
Does cognition have its own structure?

The Six schools of ہندوستانی فلسفہ are:

Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Samkhya
Yoga
Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)
ویدانت (Uttara Mimamsa)

Ancient Indian philosophers

1st millennium ق م

Parashara — writer of Viṣṇu Purāṇa۔

Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 ق م)

Rishi Narayana — seer of the Purusha Sukta of the رگ وید۔^[۱]
Seven Rishis — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.^[۲]
رشی — Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.
رشبھ ناتھ — رشی mentioned in رگ وید and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious گرو of جین مت، as accredited by later followers.
Yajnavalkya — one of the وید sages, greatly influenced بدھ مت thought.
انگیار — one of the seers of the اتھرو وید and author of Mundaka Upanishad۔
Uddalaka Aruni — an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
Ashvapati — a King in the Later Vedic age who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
Ashtavakra — an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the مہا بھارت، who authored Ashtavakra Gita۔

Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 ق م)

Kanada (c. 600 ق م)، founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika، gave theory of atomism
مہاویر (599–527 ق م) — heavily influenced جین مت، the 2چوتھ‏ی تیرتھنکر of جین مت۔

Buddha.

پانینی (520–460 ق م)، grammarian, author of پانینی
Kapila (c. 500 ق م)، proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy.
Badarayana (lived between 500 ق م and 400 ق م) — Author of Brahma Sutras۔
Pingala (c. 500 ق م)، author of the Chandas shastra
گوتم بدھ (c. 480 – c. 400 ق م)، founder of بدھ مت school of thought
چانکیہ (c. 350 – c. 275 ق م)، author of ارتھ شاستر، professor (acharya) of political science at the ٹیکسلا
Patañjali (c. 200 ق م)، developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.
Shvetashvatara — Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of شیو مت۔

Philosophers of Golden Age (184 ق م – 600 عیسوی)

Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd صدی عیسوی)، wrote Jaimini، author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras۔
Dignāga (c. 500)، one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic۔
Asanga (c. 300)، exponent of the Yogacara
بھرتری ہری (c 450–510 عیسوی)، early figure in Indic linguistic theory
بودھی دھرم (c. 440–528 عیسوی)، founder of the زین بدھ school of بدھ مت
Siddhasena Divākara (پنجويں Century عیسوی)، Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)
وسوبندھو (c. 300 عیسوی)، one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.
Kundakunda (2nd Century عیسوی)، exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of Pañcāstikāyasāra (Essence of the Five Existents)، the Pravacanasāra (Essence of the Scripture) and the Samayasāra (Essence of the Doctrine)
Nagarjuna (c. 150 – 250 عیسوی)، the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of مہایان۔
Umāsvāti or Umasvami (2nd Century عیسوی)، author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra، expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.

Ancient Iranian philosophy

Zarathustra as depicted in رافیل's The School of Athens beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter Apelles of Kos۔

While there are ancient relations between the Indian وید and the Iranian اوستا، the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of انسانی حقوق by کورش اعظم as understood in the اسطوانۂ کورش is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by زرطشت and developed in زرتشتیت schools of thought of the ہخامنشی سلطنت of ایران د‏‏ی تریخ۔^[۳]^[۴]

Schools of thought

Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in اوستائی زبان۔ Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard، Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings"۔^[۵]

Zoroastrianism

Anacharsis

Pre-Manichaean thought

Bardesanes^[۸]^[۹]

Manichaeism

Mani (c. 216 – 276 عیسوی)
Ammo^[۱۰]

Mazdakism

مزدک^[۱۱]
مزدک (وفات c. 524 or 528 عیسوی)

Zurvanism

Philosophy and the Empire

Literature

پہلوی ادب

Ancient Jewish philosophy

ہور دیکھو: Jewish philosophy

First Temple (c. 900 ق م to 587 ق م)

Joel (9th–پنجويں صدی ق م)
Amos (8th صدی ق م)
ہوسیع (8th صدی ق م)
Micah (8th صدی ق م)
کتاب یسعیاہ (8th صدی ق م)
حزقی ایل (7th صدی ق م)
حبقوق (7th صدی ق م)
ارمیاہ (7th صدی ق م)
Nahum (7th صدی ق م)
Zephaniah (7th صدی ق م)

Assyrian exile (587 ق م to 516 ق م)

کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
حجی (6th صدی ق م)
عبدیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
زکریا بن برخیا (6th صدی ق م)

Second Temple (516 ق م to 70 عیسوی)

ملاکی (پنجويں صدی ق م)
کتاب واعظ (پنجويں – 2nd صدی ق م)
Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira (2nd صدی ق م)
ہلل (c. 110 ق م – 10عیسوی)
فیلو (30 ق م – 45 عیسوی)

Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی)

Rabbi Akiva (c. 40 – c. 137 عیسوی)

ہور ویکھو

Index of ancient philosophy articles

حوالے

↑ The significance of Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda
↑ P. 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary By S. Devadas Pillai
↑ Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
↑ Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
↑ An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1845115418۔
↑ Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-8196-0280-9۔
↑ ^۷.۰ ^۷.۱ Sasanian Iran – intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/9231032119۔
↑ Mansour Shaki. Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-933273-35-5۔
↑ Prods Oktor Skjaervo. Bardesanes۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-7100-9121-4۔
↑ David A. Scott. Manichaean Views of Buddhism in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.
↑ Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997

ہور پڑھو

Luchte, James, Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn، in series, Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy، Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0567353313

باہرلے جوڑ

سانچہ:InPho

سانچہ:فلسفہ سانچہ:Greek schools of philosophy

[1] The significance of Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda

[2] P. 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary By S. Devadas Pillai

[3] Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.

[4] Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.

[5] An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1845115418۔

[6] Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-8196-0280-9۔

[Tafozzoli_&_Khromov-7] ۷.۰ ^۷.۱ Sasanian Iran – intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/9231032119۔

[8] Mansour Shaki. Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-933273-35-5۔

[9] Prods Oktor Skjaervo. Bardesanes۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-7100-9121-4۔

[10] David A. Scott. Manichaean Views of Buddhism in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.

[11] Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997

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