جرمن ایجادات تے دریافتاں دی لسٹ
"اج جو دنیا اے ، چنگا تے برا ، اس دا گٹین برگ دا مقروض اے۔ ہر چیز دا سراغ اس وسیلہ توں مل سکدا اے ، لیکن اسيں اسنوں خراج عقیدت پیش کرنے دے پابند نيں ،… اس برے بدلے جو اس دی زبردست ایجاد ہوئی اے۔ دے بارے وچ اک بار اس بھلائی دی طرف توں ہزار بار ساایہ کیہ جاندا اے جس دی مدد توں انسانیت دی طرف توں احسان کيتا گیا اے۔ "
جرمنی دی ایجادات تے دریافتاں جرمنی وچ یا بیرون ملک جرمنی دے کسی شخص (یا جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والا ، غیر جرمن والدین سمیت - یا بیرون ملک پیدا ہونے والے) دے ذریعہ جزوی طور اُتے یا مکمل طور اُتے ایجاد شدہ ، اختراع شدہ یا دریافت کردہ آئیڈیاز ، اشیاء ، عمل یا تکنیک نيں۔ گھٹ توں گھٹ اک جرمن والدین دے نال تے جو جرمنی وچ اپنی تعلیم یا کیریئر دی اکثریت رکھدے سن )۔ اکثر اوقات ، پہلی بار دریافت ہونے والی چیزاں نوں ایجادات وی کہیا جاندا اے تے بوہت سارے معاملات وچ ، دونے دے وچکار کوئی واضح لکیر موجود نئيں اے۔
جرمنی وچ بوہت سارے مشہور موجد ، ڈسکولرز تے انجینئراں دا گھر رہیا اے ، جنہاں وچ کارل وان لنڈے وی شامل نيں ، جنھاں نے جدید ریفریجریٹر تیار کيتا سی۔ [۲] پال نپکو ، جس نے اپنی نپکو ڈسک توں ٹیلیویژن دی بنیاد رکھی سی۔ [۳] ہان گیگر ، گیجر کاؤنٹر دا خالق۔ تے کونراڈ زیوس ، جنہاں نے پہلا مکمل طور اُتے خودکار ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 3 ) تے پہلا تجارتی ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 4 ) بنایا۔ [۴][۵] اس طرح دے جرمن موجد ، انجینئر تے صنعتکار جداں کاؤنٹ فرڈینینڈ وان زپیلین ، [۶] اوٹو لیلیینتھل ، گوٹلیب ڈیملر ، روڈولف ڈیزل ، ہوگو جنکرز تے کارل بینز نے جدید آٹوموٹو تے ہوائی آوا جائی دی ٹکنالوجی دی تشکیل وچ مدد کيتی۔ ایرو اسپیس انجینئر ورنھر وون براون نے پہینی خلائی راکٹ پیینی مینڈے وچ تیار کيتا تے بعد وچ ناسا دا ممتاز ممبر سی تے سنیچر وی مون راکٹ تیار کيتا۔ برقی مقناطیسی تابکاری دے میدان وچ ہنرک روڈولف ہرٹز دا کم جدید ٹیلی مواصلات دی ترقی دے لئی اہم سی۔ [۷]
البرٹ آئن اسٹائن نے بالترتیب 1905 تے 1915 وچ روشنی تے کشش ثقل دے لئےخصوصی رشتہ تے عمومی نسبت و نظریات نوں متعارف کرایا۔ میکس پلانک دے نال ، اوہ کوانٹم میکینکس دی تعارف وچ اہم کردار ادا کردے رہے ، جس وچ ورنر ہائسنبرگ تے میکس بورن نے بعد وچ وڈی شراکت وچ حصہ لیا۔ [۸] ولہیم رینٹجن نے ایکس رے دریافت کيتیاں ۔ اوٹو ہن ریڈیو کیمسٹری دے شعبےآں وچ علمبردار سن تے انھاں نے جوہری حصہ دریافت کيتا سی ، جدوں کہ فرڈینینڈ کوہن تے رابرٹ کوچ مائکرو بایولوجی دے بانی سن ۔
جنگم نما پرنٹنگ پریس 15 ويں صدی وچ جرمن لوہار جوہانس گٹین برگ نے ایجاد دی سی۔ 1997 وچ ، ٹائم لائف میگزین نے گٹین برگ دی ایجاد نوں دوسرے ہزار سالہ دے اہم ترین انتخاب دے طور اُتے منتخب کيتا۔ [۹] 1998 وچ ، اے اینڈ ای نیٹ ورک نے گوٹن برگ نوں انہاں دی "سوانح حیات دی ہزار سال" گنتی اُتے دوسرے ہزاریے دے سب توں بااثر شخص دے طور اُتے درجہ دتا۔
ذیل وچ ایجادات ، اختراعات یا دریافتاں دی لسٹ اے جنہاں نوں جرمن سمجھیا جاندا اے یا عام طور اُتے پہچانا جاندا اے۔
اناٹومی
سودھو- 17 ويں صدی: وارسن ڈکٹ دی پہلی وضاحت جوہان جارج ورسنگ [۱۰]
- 1720: ابراہیم ویٹر دے ذریعہ واٹر دے ایمپلا دی دریافت [۱۱]
- 1745: لیبرکحن دے خفیہ اطلاعات دی پہلی وضاحت جوہان ناتھنیل لیبرکحن [۱۲]
- 19 ويں صدی: لیوپولڈ آورباچ دے ذریعہ اوربچ دے عارضے دی پہلی وضاحت [۱۳]
- 19 ويں صدی: جارج میسیسنر دے ذریعہ مییسنر دے عارضہ دی پہلی وضاحت [۱۴]
- 19 ويں صدی: تھیوڈور شوان دے ذریعہ پردیی اعصابی نظام وچ شوان خلیاں دی دریافت [۱۵]
- 1836: تھیوڈور شوان دے ذریعہ پیپسن دی دریافت تے مطالعہ [۱۶]
- 1840: پولیوومیلائٹس ( ہائن میڈین بیماری ) دے بارے وچ پہلی میڈیکل رپورٹ ، تے اس بیماری نوں کلینیکل ہستی دے طور اُتے تسلیم کرنے والی پہلی ، جیکوب ہائن
- 1852: جارج میسنر تے روڈولف ویگنر دے ذریعہ سپرش رسانی دی پہلی تفصیل [۱۷]
- 1868: پال لینگرہنس دے ذریعہ لنجرہنس سیل دی دریافت [۱۸]
- 1869: پال لینگرہنس دے ذریعہ لنجرہنس دے جزیراں دی دریافت [۱۹]
- 1875: فریڈرک سگمنڈ مرکل دے ذریعہ مرکل سیل دی پہلی وضاحت [۲۰]
- 1882: برلن وچ کارل لینجینبچ دے ذریعہ پہلا کامیاب کولیکسٹکٹومی [۲۱]
- 1906: الیزیم الزھیر دے ذریعہ الزھائیمر کی بیماری دی دریافت [۲۲]
- 1909: کوربینی بروڈمین دے ذریعہ بروڈمین دے علاقےآں دی پہلی وضاحت [۲۳]
- 1977: گونٹھر وان ہیگنز دے ذریعہ پلاسٹینیشن [۲۴]
جانور
سودھو- 1907: Modern zoo (Tierpark Hagenbeck) by Carl Hagenbeck in Hamburg[۲۵]
- 1916: Guide dog; the world's first training school, established by Dr. Gerhard Stalling in Oldenburg[۲۶]
- 1825: Rhamphorhynchus طرف سموئیل سیمس وون Sömmerring [۲۷]
- 1834: Plateosaurus نیڑے یوہان فریڈرک Engelhardt دی طرف توں نیورمبرگ ، دی طرف توں 1837 وچ بیان ہرمن وان میئر [۲۸]
- 1856: نئیےنڈرتل 1 نزدیک ڈیزلڈارف [۲۹]
- 1856–1857: پہلی وضاحت نئیےنڈرتل دی طرف جوہان کارل Fuhlrott تے ہرمین Schaaffhausen [۳۰]
- 1860: اسٹارٹ گارٹ دے نیڑے سکریٹ فریڈرک جکوب وون کف کے ذریعہ ٹیراٹوسورس ، 1861 وچ ہرمن وان میئر دے ذریعہ بیان ہويا [۳۱]
- 1861: سولہوفین کے نیڑے ہرمن وان میئر دے ذریعہ آثار قدیمہ [۳۲]
- 1868–1879: ٹرائے دی طرف ہینرچ شلائیمان [۳۳]
- c 1900: گورڈیم از الفریڈ تے گوستااو کیرٹ [۳۴]
- 1906–1913: ہٹوسوہ از ہیوگو ونکلر [۳۵]
- 1908: ہیڈل برگ دے نیڑے ڈینیئل ہارٹمن تے اوٹو شوٹنسک کیذریعہ ہومو ہیڈیلبرجینس [۳۶]
- 1912: لوڈویگ بورچارڈ دے ذریعہ نیفیرٹیٹی ٹُٹ
- 1915: تفصیل Spinosaurus ، وڈا معلوم theropod دی طرف ارنسٹ Stromer [۳۷]
- 1925: Stomatosuchus ارنسٹ Stromer کر [۳۸]
- 1931: تفصیل Carcharodontosaurus ارنسٹ Stromer کر [۳۹]
- 1932: ارنسٹروومر کے ذریعہ ایمزائسوسورس [۴۰]
- 1934: بہاریاسورس بذریعہ ارنسٹ اسٹومر [۴۱]
- 1991: اٹزی بذریعہ ہیلمٹ تے ایریکا سائمن نیورمبرگ
آرٹس
سودھو- 15 ويں صدی: ہاؤس بوک ماسٹر دی طرف توں ڈرائی پوائنٹ ، اک جنوبی جرمن آرٹسٹ [۴۲]
- 1525: رے ٹریسنگ از البریچٹ ڈائر [۴۳]
- 1642: Mezzotint طرف لڈوگ وون سیجن [۴۴]
- 1708: Meissen نے چینی مٹی دے برتن ، پہلا یورپی مشکل پیسٹ چینی مٹی دے برتن ، دی طرف توں Ehrenfried والتھر وون Tschirnhaus وچ Meissen نے [۴۵]
- 1810: تھیوری دا رنگ بذریعہ جوہان ولف گینگ گوئٹے [۴۶]
- ابتدائی 1900s: جدیدیت پسند تحریک اظہار رائے [۴۷]
- 1919: باہاس طرف والٹر Gropius [۴۸]
فلکیات
سودھو- 1609–1619: کیہلر کے سیارےآں دی حرکت دے قوانین جوہانس کیپلر [۴۹]
- 1781: دا انکشاف یورینس ، اس دے وڈے چاند دے دو (کے نال وچ Titania تے اوبیرون )، جرمن نژاد طرف ولیم ہرشل [۵۰]
- 1846: جوہن گالے دے ذریعہ نیپچون دی دریافت [۵۱]
- 1902: ڈسکوری دا کرہ طرف رچرڈ Assmann [۵۲]
- 1909: تھیوڈور ولف دے ذریعہ کائناتی کرن دی دریافت [۵۳]
- 1916: کارل شوارزچائلڈ دے ذریعہ شوارزچلڈ میٹرک [۵۴] تے شوارزچلڈ رداس [۵۵]
حیاتیات ، جینیاتیات تے میموری
سودھو- 1759: میسونفروس دی تفصیل از کیسپار فریڈرک وولف [۵۶]
- توں 1790s: Recapitulation نظریہ طرف یوہان فریڈرک Meckel تے کارل فریڈرک Kielmeyer [۵۷]
- 1790s دی دہائی دے آخر / 1800s دے اوائل وچ : اسيں Alexander بوڈسٹین سائنس از الیگزینڈر وان ہمبولٹ [۵۸]
- 1834: سکندر وان ہمبلڈٹ دی ابتدائی دریافت دے بعد ، فرانز میئن دے ہمبولڈ پینگوئن [۵۹]
- 1835: سیل ڈویژن از از ہیوگو وان محل [۶۰]
- 1835: ہیوگو وان محل دے ذریعہ مائٹوسس دی دریافت تے وضاحت [۶۱]
- 1839: سیل نظریہ طرف تھیوڈور Schwann دے تے متیاہ جیکب Schleiden (سے شراکت دے نال روڈولف Virchow ) [۶۲]
- 1840: فریڈرک لڈوگ ہینفیلڈ دے ذریعہ ہیموگلوبن دی دریافت [۶۳]
- 1845: کارل ریکنباچ دے ذریعہ اوڈک فورس [۶۴]
- 1851: پودےآں دی زندگی وچ عام اصول دے طور اُتے نسلاں دے ردوبدل دی دریافت ولہیلم ہوفمیسٹر [۶۵]
- 1876: ڈسکوری تے دی تفصیل انتصاف طرف آسکر Hertwig [۶۶]
- 1880 دی دہائی: رابرٹ کوچ [۶۷] ذریعہ بیکٹیریا
- 19th صدی دے آخر: دے "nuclein" غیر پروٹین جزو وکھ تھلگ، دی کیمیائی ساخت دا تعین کرنے nucleic ایسڈ ، تے بعد وچ اس دے پنج بنیادی تھلگ nucleobases طرف Albrecht دے Kossel
- 1885: وکر بھُل تے سیکھنے وکر طرف ہرمن Ebbinghaus [۶۸]
- 1888: تھیوڈور بووری دے ذریعہ سینٹروسوم دی تفصیل تے ناں دینا [۶۹]
- 1890: رچرڈ الٹیمن دے ذریعہ مائٹوکونڈرائن دی تفصیل [۷۰]
- 1892: اگست ویز مین تک ویس مین رکاوٹ تے جراثیم پلازم [۷۱]
- 1908: ہارڈی – وینبرگ اصول ولہیم وینبرگ [۷۲]
- 1928: سیلمر آسچیم تے برنارڈ زونڈک دے ذریعہ حمل دا پہلا معتبر امتحان [۷۳]
- 1928: مصنوعی کلوننگ دی طرف حیاتیات دے ہنس Spemann تے Hilde دی Mangold [۷۴]
- 1932: کرٹ ہینسیلیٹ تے ہنس ایڈولف کریب دے ذریعہ یوریا سائیکل [۷۵]
- 1937: ہنس ایڈولف کربس دے ذریعہ سائٹرک ایسڈ سائیکل [۷۶]
- 1974: پہلا جینیاتی طور اُتے تبدیل شدہ جانور (ماؤس) از روڈولف جینیش [۷۷]
کیمسٹری
سودھو- 1625: Glauber's salt by German-born Johann Rudolf Glauber[۷۸]
- 1669: Discovery of phosphorus by Hennig Brand in Hamburg[۷۹]
- 1706: Prussian blue by Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin[۸۰]
- 1724: Temperature scale Fahrenheit by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit[۸۱]
- 1746: Basic theory of isolating zinc by Andreas Marggraf[۸۲]
- c. 1770 – c. 1785: Identification of molybdenum, tungsten, barium and chlorine by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[۸۳]
- 1773 or earlier: discovery of oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first) by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[۸۴]
- 1789: Discovery of the elements uranium[۸۵] and zirconium[۸۶] by Martin Heinrich Klaproth
- 1799: Production of sugar from sugar beets, the beginning of the modern sugar industry,[۸۷] by Franz Karl Achard, after foundations were laid by Andreas Marggraf[۸۸]
- 19th century: Eupione by Carl Reichenbach[۸۹]
- 1817: Discovery of cadmium by Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer[۹۰]
- 1820s: Oechsle scale by Ferdinand Oechsle[۹۱]
- 1823: Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter,[۹۲][۹۳] by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
- 1828: Discovery of creosote by Carl Reichenbach[۹۴]
- 1828, 1893: Isolation (1828) of nicotine by Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann.[۹۵] The structure (1893) of nicotine was later discovered by Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein[۹۶]
- 1828: Synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler (Wöhler synthesis)[۹۷]
- 1830: Creation of paraffin wax by Carl Reichenbach
- 1832: Discovery of pittacal by Carl Reichenbach[۹۸]
- 1834: Melamine by Justus von Liebig[۹۹]
- 1834: Discovery of phenol by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge
- 1836 (or 1837): Discovery of diatomaceous earth (Kieselgur in German) by Peter Kasten on the northern slopes of the Haußelberg hill, in the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany[۱۰۰]
- 1838: Fuel cell by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[۱۰۱]
- 1839: Discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[۱۰۲]
- 1839, 1930: Discovery of polystyrene by Eduard Simon, was made a commercial product by IG Farben in 1930[۱۰۳]
- c. 1840: Nitrogen-based fertiliser by Justus von Liebig,[۱۰۴] important innovations were later made by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch (Haber process) in the 1900s
- 1846: Discovery of guncotton by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[۱۰۵]
- 1850s: Siemens-Martin process by Carl Wilhelm Siemens[۱۰۶]
- c. 1855: Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga[۱۰۷]
- 1855: Chromatography by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge[۱۰۸]
- 1857: Siemens cycle by Carl Wilhelm Siemens[۱۰۹]
- 1859: Pinacol coupling reaction by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig[۱۱۰]
- 1860–61: Discovery of caesium and rubidium by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff[۱۱۱]
- 1860: Erlenmeyer flask by Emil Erlenmeyer[۱۱۲]
- 1863–64: Discovery of indium by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter[۱۱۳][۱۱۴][۱۱۵]
- 1863: First synthesis of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) by Julius Wilbrand[۱۱۶]
- 1864: First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by Bayer under the name "<i id="mwAw4">Veronal</i>" in 1903[۱۱۷]
- 1865: Synthetic indigo dye by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by BASF in 1897[۱۱۸]
- c. 1870: Brix unit by Adolf Brix[۱۱۹]
- 1872: Synthesis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by Eugen Baumann[۱۲۰]
- 1877: Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig, was made a commercial product (Plexiglas) by Otto Röhm in 1933[۱۲۱]
- 1882: Tollens' reagent by Bernhard Tollens[۱۲۲]
- 1883: Claus process by Carl Friedrich Claus[۱۲۳]
- 1884: Paal–Knorr synthesis by Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr[۱۲۴]
- 1885–1886: Discovery of germanium by Clemens Winkler[۱۲۵]
- 1887: Petri dish by Julius Richard Petri
- 1888: Büchner flask and Büchner funnel by Ernst Büchner[۱۲۶]
- 1895: Hampson–Linde cycle by Carl von Linde
- 1897: Galalith by Wilhelm Krische[۱۲۷]
- 1898: Polycarbonate by Alfred Einhorn, was made an commercial product by Hermann Schnell at Bayer in 1953 in Uerdingen[۱۲۸]
- 1898: Synthesis of polyethylene, the most common plastic, by Hans von Pechmann[۱۲۹]
- 1898: First synthesis of purine by Emil Fischer. He had also coined the word in 1884.[۱۳۰]
- Early 20th century: Schlenk flask by Wilhelm Schlenk[۱۳۱]
- 1900s: Haber process by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber
- 1902: Ostwald process by Wilhelm Ostwald[۱۳۲]
- 1903: First commercially successful decaffeination process by Ludwig Roselius (later of Café HAG), after foundations were laid by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1820[۱۳۳]
- 1907: Thiele tube by Johannes Thiele[۱۳۴]
- 1913: Coal liquefaction (Bergius process) by Friedrich Bergius[۱۳۵][۱۳۶]
- 1913: Identification of protactinium by Oswald Helmuth Göhring[۱۳۷]
- 1925: Discovery of rhenium by Otto Berg, Ida Noddack and Walter Noddack[۱۳۸]
- 1928: Diels–Alder reaction by Kurt Alder and Otto Diels[۱۳۹]
- 1929: Discovery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by Karl Lohmann[۱۴۰]
- 1929: Creation of styrene-butadiene (synthetic rubber) by Walter Bock[۱۴۱]
- 1935: Karl Fischer titration by Karl Fischer[۱۴۲]
- 1937: Creation of polyurethane by Otto Bayer at IG Farben in Leverkusen[۱۴۳]
- 1953: Ziegler–Natta catalyst by Karl Ziegler[۱۴۴]
- 1954: Wittig reaction by Georg Wittig[۱۴۵]
- 1981–1996: Discovery and creation of bohrium by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt[۱۴۶]
- 1982: Discovery and creation of meitnerium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۴۷]
- 1984: Discovery and creation of hassium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
- 1994: Discovery and creation of darmstadtium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۴۸]
- 1994: Discovery and creation of roentgenium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۴۹]
- 1996: Discovery and creation of copernicium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[۱۵۰]
کپڑے ، کاسمیٹکس تے فیشن
سودھو- 13ويں صدی: کپڑے بند کرنے یا بند کرنے دے لئی بٹن ہولز دے نال فنکشنل بٹن [۱۵۱]
- 18 ويں صدی یا اس توں پہلے: ڈرنڈل ، لیڈرہوسن تے ٹریچٹ [۱۵۲]
- 1709: یوحنا ماریا فارینا (جیوانی ماریا فارینا) از کولون وچ [۱۵۳]
- 1871–1873: جرمن نژاد لیوی اسٹراس دے ذریعہ جینز (روسی نژاد امریکی جیکب ڈیوس دے نال مل کے) [۱۵۴]
- 1905: مستقل لہر جو لوکاں دے استعمال دے لئی موزاں سی ، جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے کارل نیسلر دے ذریعہ [۱۵۵]
- 1911: نیویا ، پہلی جدید کریم ، [۱۵۶] بذریعہ بیئرڈورف ای جی [۱۵۷]
- 1960 دی دہائی: کرسٹین شورامیک دے ذریعہ بی بی کریم [۱۵۸]
کمپیوٹنگ
سودھو- 17 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ : گوٹ فریڈ ولہیلم لیبہور دے ذریعہ جدید بائنری عددی نظام [۱۵۹]
- 1918–2323: آرتھر شیربیئس دے ذریعہ اینگما مشین [۱۶۰]
- 1920s کے: Hellschreiber (کے اگردوت میٹرکس پرنٹرز ڈاٹ اثر تے فیکس دی طرف سے) روڈولف جہنم [۱۶۱]
- 1941: کونراڈ زیوس دے ذریعہ پہلا پروگرام قابل ، مکمل خودکار ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 3 )
- 1942–1945: پروگرامنگ لینگویج پلانکلکول ، کمپیوٹر دے لئی ڈیزائن کردہ پہلی اعلیٰ سطحی پروگرامنگ بولی ، [۱۶۲] کونراڈ زیوز دے ذریعہ
- 1945: دنیا دا پہلا کمرشل ڈیجیٹل کمپیوٹر ( زیڈ 4 ) بذریعہ کونراڈ زیوس [۵]
- 1957: ٹیکنیکل یونیورسٹی میونخ دے کلاؤس سیمیلسن تے فریڈرک ایل بائوئر دے ذریعہ اسٹیک (تجریدی اعداد و شمار دی قسم) [۱۶۳]
- 1960 دی دہائی: جیورجن ڈیتھلوف تے ہیلمٹ گریٹروپ دے ذریعہ اسمارٹ کارڈ [۱۶۴]
تعمیر ، فن تعمیر تے دکاناں
سودھو- 1831–1834: وائر رسی از ولہیلم البرٹ [۱۶۵][۱۶۶][۱۶۷]
- 1858: ہوفمین بٹا فریڈرک ہوفمین طرف [۱۶۸][۱۶۹]
- 1880: دنیا دی پہلی برقی لفٹ از ورنر وان سیمنز [۱۷۰]
- 1895: اسٹٹ گارٹ وچ کارل تے ولہیل فین دے ذریعہ بجلی توں چلنے والے ہینڈ ڈرل [۱۷۱]
- 1895: ہنس گولڈشمیڈٹ دے ذریعہ ایکزودھرمک ویلڈنگ دا عمل [۱۷۲]
- 1926–1927: پورٹ ایبل الیکٹرک ( کینسٹاٹ وچ 1926 وچ آندریاس اسٹھل دے ذریعہ ) تے پہلا پٹرول چینسا (1927 وچ ایمل لیپر دے ذریعہ)۔ [۱۷۳] چینسوز دا پیش خیمہ 1830 دے آس پاس برنارڈ ہائن ( آسٹیوٹم ) نے بنایا سی [۱۷۴]
- 1927: میکس گیز تے فرٹز ہل دے ذریعہ کنکریٹ پمپ [۱۷۵]
- 1930s: پارٹیکل بورڈ از منجانس میکس ہیمیلبر [۱۷۶]
- 1954: اسٹین ہیم این ڈیر مر وچ ایکرمین + شمٹ ( FLEX-Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH ) کے زاویہ چکی [۱۷۷][۱۷۸]
- 1958: آرتور فشر دے ذریعہ جدید (پلاسٹک) وال پلگ ( فشر وال پلگ ) [۱۷۹][۱۸۰]
- 1962: دنیا دا پہلا جنسی دکان دی طرف انٹرنیٹ Beate Uhse AG وچ Flensburg [۱۸۱]
- 1963–1967: ایسن وچ کرپپ دا پہلا ہائیڈرولک توڑنے والا [۱۸۲]
- 1988–1990: دے تصور Passivhaus (غیر فعال گھر) معیاری وچ وولف Feist دی طرف ڈارمسڈیڈٹ [۱۸۳]
کھانا
سودھو- آلٹ بیئر
- وینزویلا وچ ، جوہن گوٹلیب بینجمن سیگرٹ دے ذریعہ انگوسٹورا نے ، 1824 [۱۸۴]
- برلن ، 1895 وچ پہلا آٹومیٹ ریستوراں ( کوئزیانہ ) [۱۸۵]
- بوموکین
- جدید بیئر - رین ہائٹسجبوٹ [۱۸۶][۱۸۷] تے "مشروبات [بیئر] نوں اپنے اعلیٰ کمال تک پہچانیا" [۱۸۸]
- برلنر (ڈونٹ)
- بیتسمین
- برلنر وائس
- بائینسٹٹیچ
- بلیک فارسٹ کیک
- Bock
- بریٹ ورسٹ
- براؤنشویگر
- Currywurst طرف ہرٹا Heuwer [۱۸۹]
- ڈومنوسٹین بذریعہ ہربرٹ وینڈلر [۱۹۰]
- ڈونواؤلے
- برلن ، 1972 وچ جدید ڈونر کباب سینڈویچ
- ڈارٹ مینڈر ایکسپورٹ
- فانٹا
- فرینکفرٹر کرینز
- فرینکفرٹر وورسٹین
- چپچپا ریچھ
- ہیمبرگر ("بانی" نامعلوم نئيں اے ، لیکن اس دی اصل جرمن اے ) [۱۹۱]
- ہیمبرگ اسٹیک
- ہیج ہاگ سلائس ( کلٹر ہنڈ )
- ہیلس
- ہاٹ ڈاگ [۱۹۲]
- Jägermeister
- Kölsch
- لیگر [۱۹۳]
- لیبکوین
- مارسائٹ بذریعہ جوسٹس وان لیبیگ [۱۹۴]
- مرزن
- گوشت دا عرق جوسٹس وان لیبیگ دے ذریعہ [۱۹۵]
- اوباتڈا
- Parboiled چاول (Huzenlaub عمل) دی طرف توں ایرک گستاو Huzenlaub [۱۹۶]
- پیسنسر از جوزف گرول [۱۹۷][۱۹۸]
- پنکل
- آلو دا ترکاریاں ( Kartoffelsalat ) [۱۹۹][۲۰۰]
- پرٹزیل (اس دی اصل متنازعہ اے ، لیکن جرمنی وچ پریٹجلز دے ابتدائی ریکارڈ سامنے آئے)
- پرنزریگنینٹورٹی
- پمپرنیکل
- ریڈلر
- Riesling دی شراب [۲۰۱]
- رائی بیئر
- شمجین
- شوارزبیئر
- سٹرامر میکس
- چوری ہوئی
- اسٹریوسیلکوچن
- ٹیورسٹ
- تھورنگین ساسیج
- ٹوسٹ ہوائی
- ویلف دا کھیر
- گندم دا بیئر
- Zwieback
- زوئبلکچین
تعلیم ، بولی تے طباعت
سودھو- 12 ويں صدی: لینگوا اگنوٹا ، پہلی مکمل طور اُتے مصنوعی زبان ، سینٹ ہلڈگارڈ دے ذریعہ بنجن ، OSB
- c 1440: جوہانس گوٹن برگ دے ذریعہ متحرک قسم دے نال پرنٹنگ پریس [۹]
- 1605: اسٹارس برگ وچ جوہن کیرولس ( جرمن قوم دی مقدس رومی سلطنت دا اک حصہ) دے ذریعہ پہلا اخبار ( ریلیشن الرٹ فورنیمین انڈ جینڈینکروارڈین ہسٹورین ) [۲۰۲]
- 1774: دے عمل deinking طرف یوستس Claproth [۲۰۳]
- 1796: لتھوگرافی طرف Alois Senefelder [۲۰۴]
- ابتدائی انیہويں صدی: ہیلمڈسٹین ماڈل برائے اعلیٰ تعلیم ولہیم وان ہمبولٹ [۲۰۵]
- 1812–1858: جیکب تے ولہیلم گرائم دے ذریعہ گرم دی پریاں دی کہانیاں [۲۰۶]
- 1830s: فریڈرک فریبل دے ذریعہ کنڈرگارٹن دا تصور [۲۰۷]
- 1844: فریڈرک گوٹلوب کیلر دے ذریعہ کاغذ سازی وچ لکڑی دا گودا عمل [۲۰۸]
- 1879–80: تعمیر زبان ولاپوک طرف جوہان مارٹن Schleyer [۲۰۹]
- 1884–1886: لٹو ٹائپ مشین از اوٹمار مرجنٹیلر [۲۱۰]
- 1905: مورس کوڈ مصیبت دا اشارہ سانچہ:Overline ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ) [۲۱۱][۲۱۲]
- 1919: والڈورف تعلیم دی طرف ایمل روآں گرنا تے روڈولف Steiner دتی ميں سٹٹگارٹ [۲۱۳]
- 1937–1951: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والا الیگزینڈر گوڈ دے ذریعہ بین لسانیات [۲۱۴]
تفریح ، الیکٹرانکس تے میڈیا
سودھو- c 1151: بنجن کے سینٹ ہلڈگارڈ ، او ایس بی دے ذریعہ قدیم ترین مشہور اخلاقی کھیل ( اورڈو ورٹٹم ) [۲۱۵]
- 1505: پیٹر ہنلن دے ذریعہ دنیا دی پہلی (جیب) واچ ( 1505 دیکھو ) [۲۱۶][۲۱۷]
- 1663: پہلا رسالہ ( ایربولیچ موناتس انٹرریڈونگین )
- 1885: نپکو ڈسک (ابتدائی ٹیلی ویژن وچ بنیادی جزو) از پول گوٹلیب نپکو [۳]
- 1895: پہلی حرکت پذیر سامعین نوں پیش کيتی گئی تصویر ، تے اس طرح برلن وینٹر گارٹن تھیٹر وچ ایمل تے میکس سکلاڈانووسکی دے ذریعہ پہلا سنیما تخلیق کيتا گیا [۲۱۸]
- 1897: کیتھوڈ رے ٹیوب (CRT) تے oscilloscope دے ذریعے فرڈیننڈ براؤن [۲۱۹]
- 1903: برلن دے البرٹ ہنسن دے ذریعہ پرنٹ شدہ سرکٹ بورڈ [۲۲۰]
- 1907: میکپل نیگور (اوہروپیکس) دے ایئر پلگ
- 1907: کبوتر فوٹو گرافی منجانب جولیس نیوبرونر
- 1920s: چھوٹے فارمیٹ کیمرا ( 35 ملی میٹر فارمیٹ ) از اوسکر بارنک
- 1928: ڈریسڈن وچ مقناطیسی ٹیپ ، بعد وچ AEG دے ذریعہ تیار تے تجارتی ہويا [۲۲۱]
- 1930 دی دہائی: ( بی ایس ایف ) (اس وقت کیمیائی دیوہیکل IG Farben دا حصہ) تے AEG دے ذریعہ سرکاری ریڈیو آر آر جی دے تعاون توں (جدید) ٹیپ ریکارڈر [۲۲۲][۲۲۳]
- 1934: Fernsehsender پال Nipkow وچ (ٹی وی اسٹیشن پال Nipkow) برلن ، پہلی عوامی ٹیلی ویژن اسٹیشن نوں دنیا وچ [۲۲۴]
- 1949: ورنر جیکوبی ( سیمنز اے جی ) دے ذریعہ انٹیگریٹڈ سرکٹ [۲۲۵]
- 1961: فیز الٹرنٹنگ لائن (PAL) ، ینالاگ ٹیلی ویژن دے لئی رنگین انہاں نوںڈنگ نظام ، ہنوور وچ ٹیلیفونکن دے والٹر بروچ دے ذریعہ [۲۲۶]
- 1970: ولف گینگ ہیلفریچ (سوئس ماہر فزکس مارٹن اسکڈٹ دے نال ) دا بٹی ہوئی نیومیٹک فیلڈ اثر [۲۲۷]
- 1983: کنٹرولر ایریا نیٹ ورک (CAN بس) بذریعہ رابرٹ بوش GmbH [۲۲۸]
- 1984: فریڈیلم ہلبرینڈ دے ذریعہ مختصر میسج سروس ( ایس ایم ایس ) دا تصور
- 1980 دی دہائی دے آخر تے 1990 دی دہائی دے اوائل: ایم پی 3 کمپریشن الگورتھم (ایم پی 3 پلیئرز دے لئی بنیادی) بذریعہ Iia کارلینز برینڈن برگ ( فرینہوفر سوسائٹی ) [۲۲۹]
- 1990: جنگجوواں دے ذریعہ پہلی ریڈیو دے زیر کنٹرول کلائی گھڑی ( میگا 1 ) [۲۳۰]
- 1991: میونخ وچ جیسکے تے ڈیریئینٹ دے ذریعہ سم کارڈ [۲۳۱][۲۳۲]
- 2005: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے جاوید کریم دے ذریعہ یوٹیوب ( اسٹیو چن تے چاڈ ہرلی دے نال مل کے) [۲۳۳]
جغرافیہ ، ارضیات تے کان کنی
سودھو- 1812: فریڈرک محس دے ذریعہ معدنیات دی سختی دے محوس پیمانہ [۲۳۴]
- 1855: ولفگینگ فرانسز وان کوبییل دے ذریعہ اسٹوروسکوپ [۲۳۵]
- 1884: ولپن میر کیپین دے ذریعہ کوپن دی آب و ہوا دی درجہ بندی ۔ [۲۳۶] بعد وچ تبدیلیاں روڈولف گیگر نے کيتیاں سن (اس طرح بعض اوقات "کوپن - جگر آب و ہوا دی درجہ بندی دے نظام" دے طور اُتے پذیرائی دتی جاندی اے )۔
- 1912: الفریڈ ویگنر دے ذریعہ براعظمی بڑھوتری تے Pangea دے وجود دی تیاری دا نظریہ [۲۳۷]
- 1933: والٹر کرسٹاللر دا مرکزی مقام نظریہ [۲۳۸]
- 1935: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہوئے بونو گٹین برگ ( چارلس فرانسس ریکٹر دے نال مل کے) ریکٹر طول البلد پیمانے [۲۳۹]
گھریلو تے دفتر دا سامان
سودھو- 19 ويں صدی: کارل ڈریس دے ذریعہ گوشت دی چکی [۲۴۰]
- 1835: جدید ( سلویریڈ شیشے ) آئینہ از از جسٹس وون لیبیگ [۲۴۱][۲۴۲][۲۴۳]
- 1864: انگو وال پیپر بذریعہ ہیوگو ارفورٹ [۲۴۴]
- 1870–1895: کارل وان لنڈے دے ذریعہ جدید ریفریجریٹر تے جدید فریج ۔ [۲][۲۴۵][۲۴۶][۲۴۷]
- 1886: بون وچ فریڈرک سوینیککن دے ذریعہ سوراخ دے کارٹون تے رنگ بائنڈر [۲۴۸]
- 1886: میکا مائمر وچ انتون الریچ دے ذریعہ فولڈنگ حکمران [۲۴۹]
- 1901: کمپنی بیئرسورڈ ای جی دے ذریعہ چپکنے والی ٹیپ [۲۵۰]
- 1907: (جدید) لانڈری ڈٹرجنٹ ( پرسیل ) بذریعہ ہنیل [۲۵۱]
- 1908: میلیٹا بینٹز دے ذریعہ کاغذی کافی دا فلٹر [۲۵۲]
- 1909: برلن وچ ولی ہابیل دے ذریعہ انڈے دی سلےکے [۲۵۳]
- 1929، 1949: پہلی مشین دی پیداوار ٹی بیگ (1929) تے جدید ٹی بیگ (1949) دی طرف توں ایڈولف Rambold تے Teekanne [۲۵۴]
- 1930 دی دہائی: سیاہی مٹانے والا از پیلکن [۲۵۵]
- 1941: Chemex Coffeemaker جرمن نژاد دی طرف توں پیٹر Schlumbohm [۲۵۶]
- 1954: Wigomat ، بجلی توں پہلے ڈرپ کافی بنانے والا پہلا ادارہ [۲۵۷]
- 1969: ہنکل دے ذریعے گلو دی چھڑی [۲۵۸]
ریاضی
سودھو- 1611: جوہانس کیپلر دے ذریعہ کیپلر قیاس [۲۵۹]
- 1623: میکیل کیلکولیٹر از ولہم سکارڈ [۲۶۰][۲۶۱]
- ستارہويں صدی دے آخر وچ : کلکلس [۲۶۲] تے لیبہور دا اشارہ [۲۶۳] تحریر گوٹ فریڈ ولہیلم لیبہور
- 1673–1676: ott دے لئی لیبہور فارمولا π بذریعہ گوٹ فریڈ ولہیلم لیبہور [۲۶۴]
- 1675: گوٹ فرائڈ ولہیلم لیبنز دے ذریعہ انضمام دی علامت [۲۶۵]
- 1795: کارل فریڈرک گاؤس دے گھٹ توں گھٹ اسکوائر [۲۶۶]
- c 1810: کارل فریڈرک گاؤس دے ذریعہ گاوسی دا خاتمہ [۲۶۷]
- 1824: فریڈرک بیسل دے ذریعہ بیسل فنکشن نوں عام بنانا [۲۶۸]
- 1827: کارل فریڈرک گاؤس دے ذریعہ گاؤس دا نقشہ [۲۶۹] تے گاوسی گھماؤ [۲۷۰]
- 1837: تجزیہ نمبر نظریہ از پیٹر گوستاو لیجیون دیرچلیٹ [۲۷۱]
- c 1850: ریمن جیومیٹری از برنارڈ ریمن
- 1859: ریمن مفروضہ بذریعہ برنارڈ ریمن [۲۷۲]
- 1874: جارج کینٹر دے ذریعہ کینٹور دا پہلا بے حساب ثبوت تے سیٹ تھیوری [۲۷۳]
- 1882: کلین بوتل از از فیلکس کلین [۲۷۴]
- 1891: جارج کینٹور دے ذریعہ کینٹور دی اختلافی دلیل تے کینٹور دا نظریہ [۲۷۵]
- 1897: فیلکس برنسٹین تے ارنسٹ سکریڈر دے ذریعہ کینٹور ern برنسٹین – شروئڈر تھیوریم [۲۷۶]
- c 1900: رنج – کوٹہ دے طریقے بذریعہ ولہیلم کوٹہ تے کارل رنج [۲۷۷][۲۷۸]
- 1900s: ڈیوڈ ہلبرٹ دے ذریعہ ہلبرٹ دی جگہ [۲۷۹]
- 20th صدی دے اوائل: Weyl توں Tensor طرف ہرمن Weyl [۲۸۰]
دواواں تے دواواں
سودھو- 1796: Homeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann[۲۸۱]
- 1803–1827: First isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner in Paderborn; first marketed to the general public by Sertürner and Company in 1817 as a pain medication; and the first commercial production began in 1827 in Darmstadt by Merck.[۲۸۲]
- 1832: First synthesis of chloral hydrate, the first hypnotic drug,[۲۸۳] by Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen;[۲۸۴] Oscar Liebreich introduced the drug into medicine in 1869 and discovered its hypnotic and sedative qualities.
- 1840: Discovery and description of Graves-Basedow disease by Karl Adolph von Basedow[۲۸۵]
- 1847: Kymograph by Carl Ludwig[۲۸۶]
- 1850s: Microscopic pathology by Rudolf Virchow[۲۸۷]
- 1850–51: Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz[۲۸۸]
- 1852: First complete blood count by Karl von Vierordt[۲۸۹]
- 1854: Sphygmograph by Karl von Vierordt[۲۹۰]
- 1855: First synthesis of the cocaine alkaloid by Friedrich Gaedcke;[۲۹۱] development of an improved purification process by Albert Niemann in 1859–1860, who also coined the name "cocaine".[۲۹۲] First commercial production of cocaine began in 1862 in Darmstadt by Merck.[۲۹۳]
- 1882: Adhesive bandage (Guttaperchapflastermulle) by Paul Carl Beiersdorf
- 1882: Discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria which causes tuberculosis, by Robert Koch[۲۹۴]
- 1884: Discovery of the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, by Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler[۲۹۵]
- 1884: Koch's postulates by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle[۲۹۶]
- 1884: Discovery of the vibrio cholerae bacteria which causes cholera, by Robert Koch[۲۹۷]
- 1887: Amphetamine by Romanian-born Lazăr Edeleanu in Berlin[۲۹۸]
- 1887: Löffler's medium by Friedrich Loeffler[۲۹۹]
- 1888: First successful afocal scleral glass contact lenses by Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick[۳۰۰]
- 1890: Diphtheria antitoxin by Emil von Behring[۳۰۱]
- 1897–1899: Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrün at Bayer in Elberfeld[۳۰۲]
- 1897: Heroin by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in Elberfeld[۳۰۳]
- 1897: Protargol by Arthur Eichengrün.[۳۰۴]
- 1897: Discovery of the cause of foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus) by Friedrich Loeffler[۳۰۵]
- 1907–1910: First synthesis of arsphenamine, the first antibiotic,[۳۰۶] by Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Bertheim.[۳۰۷] In 1910 marketed by Hoechst under the name Salvarsan.[۳۰۸]
- 1908–1911: Creation of dihydrocodeine[۳۰۹]
- 1909, 1929: First intrauterine device (IUD) by Richard Richter (of Waldenburg, then part of Germany; in 1909), and the first ring (Gräfenberg's ring, 1929) used by a significant number of women by Ernst Gräfenberg.[۳۱۰]
- 1909: Labello by Dr. Oscar Troplowitz[۳۱۱]
- 1912–1916: Modern condom by Julius Fromm in Berlin[۳۱۲]
- 1912: MDMA by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch[۳۱۳]
- 1914: Development and creation of oxymorphone[۳۱۴]
- 1916: Creation of oxycodone by Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer at the University of Frankfurt
- 1920–1924: First synthesis of hydrocodone by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim in 1920,[۳۱۵] first marketed by former German drug development company Knoll as Dicodid in 1924.[۳۱۶]
- 1922: Discovery and creation of desomorphine by Knoll
- 1923: Creation of hydromorphone (Dilaudid) by Knoll[۳۱۷]
- 1924: First human Electroencephalography (EEG) recording by Hans Berger. Berger also discovered alpha waves
- 1929: Cardiac catheterization by Werner Forssmann[۳۱۸]
- 1932: Prontosil by Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch at Bayer[۳۱۹]
- 1937–1939: Creation of methadone by Max Bockmühl and Gustav Ehrhart of IG Farben
- 1939: Intramedullary rod by Gerhard Küntscher[۳۲۰]
- 1943: Luria–Delbrück experiment by Max Delbrück[۳۲۱]
- 1953: Echocardiography by Carl Hellmuth Hertz (with Swedish physician Inge Edler)[۳۲۲]
- 1961: Combined oral contraceptive pill by Schering AG[۳۲۳][۳۲۴]
- 1997: C-Leg by Ottobock[۳۲۵]
- 2007: Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) by Walter Sekundo and Marcus Blum
فوجی تے (کیمیائی) ہتھیار
سودھوموسیقی دے آلات
سودھوفزکس تے سائنسی آلات
سودھو- 1512, 1576: Theodolite by Gregorius Reisch and Martin Waldseemüller (1512),[۳۲۶] although the first "true" version was created by Erasmus Habermehl (1576)
- 1608: Telescope by German-born Hans Lippershey[۳۲۷]
- 1650: First vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke
- 1654: Magdeburg hemispheres by Otto von Guericke
- 1663: First electrostatic generator by Otto von Guericke[۳۲۸]
- 1745: Leyden jar (Kleistian jar) by Ewald Georg von Kleist[۳۲۹]
- 1777: Discovery of Lichtenberg figures by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg[۳۳۰]
- 1801: Discovery of ultraviolet by Johann Wilhelm Ritter[۳۳۱]
- 1813: Gauss's law by Carl Friedrich Gauss[۳۳۲]
- 1814: Discovery of Fraunhofer lines by Joseph von Fraunhofer[۳۳۳]
- 1817: Ackermann steering geometry by Georg Lankensperger in Munich[۳۳۴][۳۳۵]
- 1817 or earlier: Gyroscope by Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger in Tübingen[۳۳۶]
- 1820: Galvanometer by Johann Schweigger in Halle[۳۳۷]
- 1827: Ohm's law by Georg Ohm[۳۳۸]
- 1833: Magnetometer by Carl Friedrich Gauss[۳۳۹]
- 1845: Kirchhoff's circuit laws by Gustav Kirchhoff
- 1850: Formulation of the first and second law of thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius[۳۴۰][۳۴۱]
- 1852: First experimental investigation of the Magnus effect by Heinrich Gustav Magnus[۳۴۲]
- 1857: Geissler tube by Heinrich Geißler[۳۴۳]
- 1959: Helmholtz resonance by Hermann von Helmholtz[۳۴۴]
- 1859: Spectrometer by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff[۳۴۵]
- 1861: First telephone transmitter by Johann Philipp Reis;[۳۴۶][۳۴۷] he also coined the term "telephone"
- 1864–1875: Centrifuge by brothers Alexander and Antonin Prandtl from Munich
- 1865: Concept of entropy by Rudolf Clausius[۳۴۸]
- 1869: First observation of cathode rays by Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and Julius Plücker
- 1870: Virial theorem by Rudolf Clausius[۳۴۹]
- 1874: Refractometer by Ernst Abbe[۳۵۰]
- 1883: First accurate electricity meter (Pendelzähler) by Hermann Aron[۳۵۱]
- 1886: Discovery of anode rays by Eugen Goldstein[۳۵۲]
- 1887: Discoveries of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect and radio waves by Heinrich Hertz[۳۵۳]
- 1887: First parabolic antenna by Heinrich Hertz[۳۵۴]
- 1893–1896: Wien approximation (1896)[۳۵۵] and Wien's displacement law (1893)[۳۵۶] by Wilhelm Wien
- 1895: Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in Würzburg[۳۵۷]
- 1897: Nernst lamp by Walther Nernst in Göttingen[۳۵۸]
- 1900: Drude model by Paul Drude[۳۵۹]
- 1900: Planck constant and Planck's law by Max Planck[۳۶۰]
- 1900–1930: Quantum mechanics by i.a. Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg[۳۶۱]
- 1901: Modern pyrometer by Ludwig Holborn and Ferdinand Kurlbaum[۳۶۲]
- 1904: Boundary layer theory by Ludwig Prandtl[۳۶۳]
- 1904: First radar system by Christian Hülsmeyer (Telemobiloscope)[۳۶۴]
- 1905: Mass–energy equivalence (E = mc2)[۳۶۵] and special relativity[۳۶۶] by Albert Einstein
- 1905: Rubens' tube by Heinrich Rubens[۳۶۷]
- 1906–1912: Third law of thermodynamics (Nernst's theorem) by Walther Nernst[۳۶۸]
- 1913: Echo sounding by Alexander Behm[۳۶۹][۳۷۰]
- 1913: Discovery of the Stark effect by Johannes Stark[۳۷۱]
- 1915: Noether's theorem by Emmy Noether[۳۷۲]
- 1916: General relativity by Albert Einstein[۳۷۳]
- 1917: Laser's theoretical foundation by Albert Einstein[۳۷۴]
- 1919: Discovery of the Barkhausen effect by Heinrich Barkhausen[۳۷۵]
- 1919: Betz's law by Albert Betz
- 1920s: (Modern) hand-held metal detector by German-born Gerhard Fischer
- 1921: Discovery of nuclear isomerism by Otto Hahn[۳۷۶]
- 1921–22: Stern–Gerlach experiment by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach[۳۷۷]
- 1924: Description of coincidence method by Walther Bothe[۳۷۸]
- 1924–25: Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein[۳۷۹]
- 1927: Free electron model by Arnold Sommerfeld[۳۸۰]
- 1927: Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg[۳۸۱]
- 1928: Geiger–Müller counter by Hans Geiger and Walther Müller[۳۸۲]
- 1931: Electron microscope by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll[۳۸۳]
- 1933: Discovery of the Meissner effect by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld[۳۸۴]
- 1937–39: CNO cycle (Bethe–Weizsäcker process) by Carl von Weizsäcker and German-born Hans Bethe[۳۸۵]
- 1937: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Manfred von Ardenne[۳۸۶]
- 1938: Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann in Berlin[۳۸۷][۳۸۸]
- 1949: Development of the nuclear shell model by Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen[۳۸۹]
- 1950s: Quadrupole ion trap by Wolfgang Paul
- 1958: Discovery of the Mössbauer effect by Rudolf Mössbauer[۳۹۰]
- 1959: Penning trap by Hans Georg Dehmelt[۳۹۱]
- 1961: Bark scale by Eberhard Zwicker[۳۹۲]
- 1963: Proposition of heterojunction by Herbert Kroemer[۳۹۳]
- 1980: Quantum Hall effect by Klaus von Klitzing[۳۹۴]
- 1980s: Atomic force microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig[۳۹۵]
- 1988: Discovery of giant magnetoresistance by Peter Grünberg[۳۹۶]
- 1994: STED microscopy by Stefan Hell and Jan Wichmann[۳۹۷]
- 1998: Frequency comb by Theodor W. Hänsch[۳۹۸]
سوشیالوجی ، فلسفہ تے سیاست
سودھو- 18 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ : جرمن آئیڈیل ازم از ایمانوئیل کانٹ [۳۹۹]
- 19 ويں صدی: مارکسزم ، کمیونزم تے سوشلزم دی بنیاد ، [۴۰۰][۴۰۱] کارل مارکس تے فریڈرک اینگلز [۴۰۲]
- 1852: ساکسونی وچ فرانز ہرمن شلوز - ڈیلٹزچ دے ذریعہ کریڈٹ یونین ، بعد وچ فریڈرک ولہیلم رائفائزن نے ہور تیار کيتا [۴۰۳]
- 19 ويں صدی دے آخر وچ : میکس ویبر دے ذریعہ ورسٹین [۴۰۴]
- 1879: لیپزگ وچ ولیہم وانڈٹ دی تجرباتی نفسیات [۴۰۵][۴۰۶]
- 1880 دی دہائی: جرمن سلطنت (1871 181918) سیاستدان اوٹو وان بسمارک دے تحت دنیا دی پہلی جدید فلاحی ریاست بن گئ ، [۴۰۷] جدوں انہاں نے مثال دے طور اُتے مندرجہ ذیل چیزاں نوں عملی جامہ پہنایا:
- ہیلتھ انشورنس ( کرانکنورسیشرونگ) 1883 وچ [۴۰۸]
- 1884 وچ حادثے دی انشورینس دی ( غیر فالسچارنگ)
- 1889 وچ پنشن انشورنس ( گیسیٹزلیچ رینٹینورسریچنگ)
- 1897: سائنسی - انسان دوست کمیٹی ، تریخ وچ ایل جی بی ٹی حقوق دی پہلی تنظیم ، [۴۰۹] جس دی تشکیل برلن وچ میگنس ہرشفیلڈ نے کيتی۔
- 1916: جرمنی دی سلطنت دن وچ روشنی دی بچت دے وقت (DST) نوں نافذ کرنے والا دنیا دا پہلا ملک بن گیا [۴۱۰]
- 1930s: فرینکفرٹ اسکول [۴۱۱] ذریعہ تنقیدی نظریہ
- 1966: نجی کاپی کرنے والی لیوی (جسنوں خالی میڈیا ٹیکس یا عائد وی کہیا جاندا اے ) [۴۱۲]
- 1978: بلیو فرشتہ ( ڈیر بلیو اینجیل ) سند ، دنیا دا پہلا ماحولیاتی
مذہب ، اخلاقیات تے تہوار
سودھو- 1434: ڈریسڈن وچ دنیا دی پہلی حقیقی کرسمس مارکیٹ ( اسٹرائیلزمارکٹ ) [۴۱۳]
- 1517: مارٹن لوتھر دے ذریعہ پروٹسٹینٹ ازم تے لوتھرانیزم [۴۱۴]
- 16 ويں صدی: کرسمس دا جدید درخت [۴۱۵]
- 17 ويں صدی: ایسٹر بنی [۴۱۶]
- c 1610: tinsel دے ميں نیورمبرگ [۴۱۷]
- 1776: Illuminati دی طرف آدم Weishaupt [۴۱۸]
- 1810: اوکٹوبرفیسٹ ، میونخ وچ دنیا دا سب توں وڈا ووکسفیسٹ ، [۴۱۹]
- 1839: جوہن ہنریچ وائچرن دے ذریعہ ایڈونٹ دی چادر چڑھائی [۴۲۰]
- c 1850: جرمن لوتھرنس دے ذریعہ ایڈونٹ کیلنڈر ؛ [۴۲۱] جدید ورژن میونخ توں گیرارڈ لینگ (1881–1974) نے تخلیق کيتا سی [۴۲۲]
- c 1790: جوہن کرسٹوف فریڈرک گوٹسموتس دے ذریعہ بیلنس بیم [۴۲۳]
- c 1810: فریڈرک لوڈویگ جان دی افقی بار ، متوازی سلاخاں ، کڑے تے والٹ اپریٹس جنہاں نوں اکثر "جدید جمناسٹکس دے والد" کہیا جاندا اے [۴۲۴][۴۲۵][۴۲۶]
- 1901: یوجین سینڈو دے ذریعہ جدید باڈی بلڈنگ [۴۲۷]
- 1906: شٹزند ، اک کتے دا کھیل جو کتے دی ٹریکنگ دی جانچ کردا اے [۴۲۸]
- c 1910: ورنر رٹبرگر دے ذریعہ فگر اسکیٹنگ وچ لوپ جمپ [۴۲۹]
- 1917–1919: برلن وچ میکس ہیسر ، کارل شیلینز ، تے ایریک کونہی دے ذریعہ ہینڈ بال [۴۳۰][۴۳۱]
- 1920: گلائڈنگ از آسکر ارسینس [۴۳۲]
- 1925: پہلو جمناسٹک از اوٹو فیک نے سکناؤ ڈیر برینڈ [۴۳۳]
- 1936: برلن وچ کارل ڈیم تے الفریڈ شِف دے ذریعہ اولمپک مشعل ریلے دی روایت [۴۳۴]
- 1946: گول بال بذریعہ سیپ رینڈل
- 1948: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے لڈوگ گٹ مین دے ذریعہ پیرا اولمپک کھیل [۴۳۵][۴۳۶]
- 1954: ایڈولف ( اڈیڈاس ) یا روڈولف ڈسلر ( پوما ) دے ذریعہ سکرو انہاں اسٹڈ والے جدید فٹ بال دے جوندے [۴۳۷]
- 1961: کولون وچ لڈ وِگ وان بیرسُودہ دے ذریعہ پانی دے اندر رگبی [۴۳۸]
- 1963: جوزف قیصر دے ذریعہ گھاہ اسکیئنگ [۴۳۹][۴۴۰]
- 1970: کارل والڈ دے ذریعہ فٹ بال وچ پینلٹی شوٹ آؤٹ [۴۴۱]
- 1989: ڈسلڈورف وچ بین الاقوامی پیرا اولمپک کمیٹی [۴۴۲]
- 1993: Jugger وچ ہائڈلبرگ
- 2000: ڈوئچے ٹورن ویگن ماسٹرز (ڈی ٹی ایم) [۴۴۳]
- 2001: برلن وچ بل برانڈز دے ذریعہ اسپیڈ بیڈمنٹن [۴۴۴]
سیاحت تے تفریح
سودھو- 1882: اسٹراڈکورب از ولہیم بارٹل مین روسٹاک [۴۴۵][۴۴۶]
- 1891: پہلا مقصد توں بنایا کروز جہاز ( پرنزیسن وکٹوریہ لوئس ) از البرٹ بالن [۴۴۷]
- 20 واں صدی دے اوائل: جویلیٹ پائلٹس دے ذریعہ پیلیٹس [۴۴۸]
- 1911: Carabiner دے اوٹو "ریمبو" ہرزوگ دی طرف چڑھنے دے لئی [۴۴۹]
- 1920 دی دہائی: جوہانس ہینرچ شلٹز دے ذریعہ آٹجینک تربیت [۴۵۰]
کھلونے تے کھیل
سودھو- c 1780: شیفکوف کارڈ گیم [۴۵۱]
- c 1810: الٹینبرگ وچ اسکیٹ کارڈ گیم [۴۵۲]
- 1890: پلازیلین از فرانز کولب [۴۵۳]
- 1892: چینی چیکرس بذریعہ راوینس برگر [۴۵۴]
- 1902: ٹیڈی بیر ( 55 PB ) از رچرڈ اسٹیف
- 1907–08: جوزف فریڈرک شمٹ دے ذریعہ مینش اäرگیر ڈِچ نِچ بورڈ کھیل [۴۵۵]
- 1964: آرچر فشر دے ذریعہ فشرر ٹیکنک [۴۵۶]
- 1972: جرمنی وچ پیدا ہونے والے رالف ایچ بیئر دے ذریعہ گھر دا پہلا ویڈیو کنسول ( میگناووکس اوڈیسی ) [۴۵۷]
- 1974: ہنس بیک دے ذریعہ پلے موبایل
- 1995: کلاؤن ٹیوبر دے ذریعہ کیٹان دے آبادکار [۴۵۸]
آوا جائی
سودھو- 1655: First self-propelled wheelchair by Stephan Farffler[۴۵۹]
- 1817: The first bicycle (dandy horse, or Laufmaschine in German) by Baron Karl von Drais[۴۶۰]
- 1817: Tachometer by Diedrich Uhlhorn[۴۶۱][۴۶۲]
- 1834: First practical rotary electric motor by Moritz von Jacobi[۴۶۳]
- 1838: First electric boat by Moritz von Jacobi[۴۶۴]
- 1876: Otto engine, the first modern internal combustion engine,[۴۶۵] by Nicolaus Otto
- 1879–1881: First electric locomotive[۴۶۶] and electric tramway (Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway) by Siemens & Halske[۴۶۷]
- 1882: Trolleybus (Electromote) by Werner von Siemens[۴۶۸]
- 1885: First automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) by Karl Benz in Mannheim[۴۶۹][۴۷۰]
- 1885, 1894: First motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.[۴۷۱] The motorcycle of Hildebrand & Wolfmüller from 1894 (created by Heinrich and Wilhelm Hildebrand, and Alois Wolfmüller) was the first machine to be called a "motorcycle" and the world's first production motorcycle.[۴۷۲]
- 1886: First automobile on four wheels, by Gottlieb Daimler[۴۷۳]
- 1886: Motorboat by Lürssen, in commission of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, in Bremen[۴۷۴]
- 1888: Driver's license by Karl Benz
- 1888: The world's first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch[۴۷۵]
- 1888: Flocken Elektrowagen, regarded by some as the first real electric car,[۴۷۶] by Andreas Flocken in Coburg
- 1889: V engine by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach[۴۷۷]
- 1891: Taximeter by Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn
- 1893: Diesel engine, diesel fuel and biodiesel by Rudolf Diesel in Augsburg[۴۷۸]
- 1893: Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat, the first aeroplane to be serially produced,[۴۷۹][۴۸۰] by Otto Lilienthal
- 1893: Zeppelin, the first rigid airship,[۴۸۱] by Ferdinand von Zeppelin
- 1895: Internal combustion engine bus by Daimler[۴۸۲]
- 1896: Modern truck (Daimler Motor-Lastwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler
- 1897: Flat engine by Karl Benz
- 1897: Internal combustion engine taxicab by Gottlieb Daimler[۴۸۳]
- 1901: Mercedes 35 hp, regarded by some as the first real modern automobile,[۴۸۴] by Paul Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. The car also had the world's first drum brakes.[۴۸۵]
- 1902, 1934: Concept of maglev by Alfred Zehden (1902) and Hermann Kemper (1934).[۴۸۶]
- 1902: First high voltage spark plug by Gottlob Honold[۴۸۷]
- 1902: First practical speedometer by Otto Schultze[۴۸۸][۴۸۹]
- 1906: Gyrocompass by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe[۴۹۰]
- 1909, 1912: The world's first passenger airline; DELAG in Frankfurt (1909).[۴۹۱] The company also employed the first flight attendant, Heinrich Kubis (1912).[۴۹۲]
- 1912: The world's first diesel locomotive by Gesellschaft für Thermo-Lokomotiven Diesel-Klose-Sulzer GmbH from Munich[۴۹۳] and Borsig from Berlin[۴۹۴]
- 1915: The world's first all-metal aircraft (Junkers J 1) by Junkers & Co[۴۹۵]
- 1916: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) by Junkers & Co[۴۹۶]
- 1928: First rocket-powered aircraft (Lippisch Ente) by Alexander Lippisch
- 1935: Swept wing by Adolf Busemann[۴۹۷]
- 1936: The first operational and practical helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 61), by Focke-Achgelis[۴۹۸]
- 1939: First aircraft with a turbojet (Heinkel He 178), and the first practical jet aircraft, by Hans von Ohain[۴۹۹]
- 1943: Krueger flap by Werner Krüger[۵۰۰]
- 1951: Airbag by Walter Linderer[۵۰۱]
- 1957: Wankel engine by Felix Wankel[۵۰۲]
- 1960s: Defogger by Heinz Kunert[۵۰۳]
- Late 1960s: Oxygen sensor by Robert Bosch GmbH[۵۰۴]
- 1973: Spoiler on road cars by Porsche[۵۰۵]
- 1995: Electronic stability control (ESC) by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz[۵۰۶][۵۰۷]
ہور ویکھو
سودھوحوالے
سودھو- ↑ Childress, Diana (2008). Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 122. ISBN 978-0-7613-4024-9.
- ↑ ۲.۰ ۲.۱ "Carl von Linde" (in en). 1 June 2016. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/carl-von-linde. Retrieved on 14 October 2019.
- ↑ ۳.۰ ۳.۱ Bellis, Mary (6 April 2017). "Television History – Paul Nipkow" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/television-history-paul-nipkow-1991828. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Bianchi, Luigi. "The Great Electromechanical Computers". York University. https://web.archive.org/web/20110427102718/http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/lecture17a.html. Retrieved on 17 April 2011.
- ↑ ۵.۰ ۵.۱ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "The Zeppelin". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. https://web.archive.org/web/20110501132157/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm. Retrieved on 7 May 2015.
- ↑ "Historical figures in telecommunications". International Telecommunication Union. 14 January 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20110425065237/http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html. Retrieved on 27 March 2011.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ ۹.۰ ۹.۱ "Die Gutenbergstadt Mainz". 10 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100310192514/http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/g2000.htm. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ "Johann Georg Wirsung". http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2941.html. Retrieved on 16 December 2019.
- ↑ Dissertatio anatomica quo novum bilis dicetilicum circa orifucum ductus choledochi ut et valvulosam colli vesicæ felleæ constructionem ad disceptandum proponit, 1720
- ↑ "Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn". http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2295.html. Retrieved on 16 December 2019.
- ↑ "Leopold Auerbach". http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/319.html. Retrieved on 16 December 2019.
- ↑ Meissner, G. (1857). Über die Nerven der Darmwand.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Meissner, G. (February 1852). Ueber das Vorhandensein bisher unbekannter eigenthümlicher Tastkörperchen (Corpuscula tactus) in den Gefühlswärzchen der mensclichen Haut und über die Endausbreitung sensitiver Nerven.
- ↑ Langerhans, P. (1868). Ueber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut. https://zenodo.org/record/2319860.
- ↑ Sakula, A. (July 1988). Paul Langerhans (1847–1888): a centenary tribute.
- ↑ Merkel, F. S. (1875). Tastzellen und Tastkörperchen bei den Hausthieren und beim Menschen. https://zenodo.org/record/1607588.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Berchtold, N. C. (1998). Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s.
- ↑ Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Leipzig : Johann Ambrosius Bart, 1909
- ↑ "The Developments of Plastination" (in en-US). https://bodyworlds.com/plastination/developments/. Retrieved on 16 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "International Guide Dog Federation – History". https://web.archive.org/web/20200414142501/https://www.igdf.org.uk/about-us/facts-and-figures/history-of-guide-dogs/. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ von Meyer, C. E. H.. Mitteilung an Prof. Bronn (Plateosaurus engelhardti). pp. 316.
- ↑ King, W.. The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal. pp. 88–97.
- ↑ Drell, J. R. R.. Neanderthals: a history of interpretation. pp. 1–24.
- ↑ von Meyer, C. E. H.. Reptilien aus dem Stubensandstein des oberen Keupers. pp. 253–346.
- ↑ Meyer, Hermann von. Vogel-Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen. "Aus dem lithographischen Schiefer der Brüche von Solenhofen in Bayern ist mir in den beiden Gegenplatten eine auf der Ablösungs- oder Spaltungs-Fläche des Gesteins liegende Versteinerung mitgetheilt worden, die mit grosser Deutlichkeit eine Feder erkennen lässt, welche von den Vogel-Federn nicht zu unterscheiden ist." (From the lithographic slates of the faults of Solenhofen in Bavaria, there has been reported to me a fossil lying on the stone's surface of detachment or cleavage, in both opposing slabs, which can be recognized with great clarity [to be] a feather, which is indistinguishable from a bird's feather.)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Stromer, E.. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. pp. 1–32.
- ↑ Stromer, E.. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 7. Stomatosuchus inermis Stromer, ein schwach bezahnter Krokodilier und 8. Ein Skelettrest des Pristiden Onchopristis numidus Haug sp. pp. 1–22.
- ↑ Stromer, E.. Wirbeltiere-Reste der Baharijestufe (unterestes Canoman). Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. pp. 1–23.
- ↑ Stromer, E.. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 11. Sauropoda. pp. 1–21.
- ↑ Stromer, E.. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman)." 13. Dinosauria. pp. 1–79.
- ↑ "Explaining the Drypoint Etching". https://www.widewalls.ch/drypoint-etching. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Hofmann, Georg Rainer (May 1990). Who invented ray tracing?.
- ↑ "Ludwig van Siegen Invents Mezzotint". http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=1258. Retrieved on 31 October 2019.
- ↑ The Discovery of European Porcelain Technology by C.M. Queiroz & S. Agathopoulos, 2005.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Expressionism Movement Overview". https://www.theartstory.org/movement/expressionism/. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Herschel Program – Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel". https://www.astroleague.org/al/obsclubs/herschel/fwhershs.html. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Hamilton, Calvin J. (4 August 2001). "Neptune". http://solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Hörandel, J. R. (4 December 2012). Early Cosmic-Ray Work Published in German.
- ↑ Schwarzschild, K. (1916). Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie.
- ↑ Schwarzschild, K. (1916). Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flussigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Mayr, Ernst. Recapitulation Reinterpreted: The Somatic Program. pp. 223–232.
- ↑ Böhme, H.. Ästhetische Wissenschaft. pp. 37–41.
- ↑ McCarthy, Eugene M.. "Humboldt Penguin – Online Biology Dictionary" (in en). http://www.macroevolution.net/humboldt-penguin.html. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Hünefeld F.L. (1840). "Die Chemismus in der thierischen Organization". Leipzig.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Svedelius, N.. Alternation of Generations in Relation to Reduction Division. pp. 362–384.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Robert Koch (1843–1910)" (in en). http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/robertkoch. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Stern, Curt. Wilhelm Weinberg. pp. 1–5.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ De Robertis, EM. Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos. pp. 296–302.
- ↑ Bailey, L. E.; Ong, S. D.. Krebs–Henseleit solution as a physiological buffer in perfused and superfused preparations. pp. 171–175.
- ↑ Krebs, H. A.; Johnson, W. A.. Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues. pp. 645–660.
- ↑ Jaenisch, R.; Mintz, B.. Simian Virus 40 DNA Sequences in DNA of Healthy Adult Mice Derived from Preimplantation Blastocysts Injected with Viral DNA. pp. 1250–1254.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Jens Bartoll. The early use of prussian blue in paintings.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Oxygen". https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/8/oxygen. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Sack, Harald (28 April 2016). "Franz Achard and the Sugar Beet Revolution" (in en-US). http://scihi.org/franz-achard-sugar-beet/. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Hermann, C. S.. Noch ein schreiben über das neue Metall. pp. 113–116.
- ↑ "Oechsle, Christian Ferdinand (1774–1852) (in German)". https://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=425:oechsle-christian-ferdinand-1774-1852&catid=45:persoenlichkeiten-a-z&Itemid=83. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Hoffmann, Roald. Döbereiner's Feuerzeug.
- ↑ "Döbereiner's Lamp – History of the First Lighter". http://www.historyofmatches.com/lighter-history/dobereiners-lamp/. Retrieved on 4 December 2019.
- ↑ Schorlemmer, C.. The history of creosote, cedriret, and pittacal. pp. 152–157.
- ↑ Henningfield, J. E.. Nicotine psychopharmacology research contributions to United States and global tobacco regulation: a look back and a look forward. pp. 286–291.
- ↑ Pinner, A.. Ueber Nicotin. Die Constitution des Alkaloïds. pp. 292–305.
- ↑ Wöhler, F.. Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs. pp. 253–256.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Klebs, Florian (December 17, 2001). "Deutschland – Wiege des Nobelpreis: Tourismus-Industrie und Forschung auf den Spuren Alfred Nobels" (in German). Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. https://web.archive.org/web/20021117030549/http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/kosmos/kultur/2001_002.htm. Retrieved on October 12, 2018.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001). The History of Ozone: The Schönbein Period, 1839–1868. pp. 40–56.
- ↑ Bellis, Mary (24 January 2019). "The Long History of Polystyrene and Styrofoam" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-polystyrene-and-styrofoam-1992332. Retrieved on 6 January 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Bown, Stephen R. (2005). A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamite, Nitrates, and the Making of the Modern World. Macmillan. سانچہ:آئی ایس بی این.
- ↑ Siemens, C. W.. On a regenerative gas furnace, as applied to glasshouses, puddling, heating, etc. pp. 21–26.
- ↑ Jensen, W. B.. The Origin of the Bunsen Burner. pp. 518.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Technical Information". https://web.archive.org/web/20161030213642/http://kryolab.fysik.lu.se/dokument/e_techn.html. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Fittig, R.. Ueber einige Metamorphosen des Acetons der Essigsäure. pp. 23–45.
- ↑ Kirchhoff, G.. Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen. pp. 337–381.
- ↑ Erlenmeyer, E.. Zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Technik. pp. 21–22.
- ↑ Venetskii, S. (1971). Indium. pp. 148–150.
- ↑ Reich, F. (1864). Ueber das Indium. pp. 480–485.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Wilbrand, J. (1863). Notiz über Trinitrotoluol. pp. 178–179.
- ↑ "Barbiturates". http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/barbiturate_text.htm. Retrieved on 31 October 2007.
- ↑ "Cooperative Research – Formula for Success" (in en-US). https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/joint_success/formula_for_success.html. Retrieved on 31 January 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Baumann, E.. Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen. pp. 308–322.
- ↑ "This is how PLEXIGLAS® came to be" (in en-US). https://web.archive.org/web/20190517082736/https://www.world-of-plexiglas.com/en/the-history-of-plexiglas-this-is-how-it-came-about/. Retrieved on 9 November 2019.
- ↑ Tollens, B.. Ueber ammon-alkalische Silberlösung als Reagens auf Aldehyd. pp. 1635–1639.
- ↑ Steudel, R.. Carl Friedrich Claus (1827–1900) – inventor of the Claus Process for sulfur production from hydrogen sulfide.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Winkler, Clemens (1887). Germanium, Ge, a New Nonmetal Element. pp. 210–211.
- ↑ Jensen, William B.. The Origins of the Hirsch and Büchner Vacuum Filtration Funnels. pp. 1283.
- ↑ Trimborn, Christel. "Galalith – Jewelry Milk Stone" (in en). https://www.ganoksin.com/article/galalith-jewelry-milk-stone/. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Hermann Schnell". https://www.plasticshof.org/members/hermann-schnell/. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ von Pechmann, H.. Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine. pp. 2640–2646.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/. Retrieved on 26 August 2020.
- ↑ Royal Society of Chemistry :Classic Kit: Schlenk apparatus
- ↑ GB 190208300 Archived 2019-12-17 at the وے بیک مشین, ولہلم اوسٹوالڈ, "Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Oxides of Nitrogen", published December 18, 1902, issued February 26, 1903
- ↑ "Decaffeination 101: Four Ways to Decaffeinate Coffee". http://coffeeconfidential.org/health/decaffeination/. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ Thiele, J.. Ein neuer Apparat zur Schmelzpunktsbestimmung. pp. 996–997.
- ↑ Bergius, Friedrich (May 21, 1932). "Chemical reactions under high pressure". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/bergius-lecture.pdf. Retrieved on 2012-02-29.
- ↑ D. Valentin: Kohleverflüssigung – Chancen und Grenzen, Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, 1/58 (2009), S. 17–19.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Noddack, W.. Die Ekamangane. pp. 567–574.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1950/summary/. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lohmann, K.. Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel. pp. 624–625.
- ↑ "The Difference between Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Styrene-Butadiene Latex" (in en-us). 15 December 2016. https://www.mcpolymers.com/library/the-difference-between-styrene-butadiene-rubber-and-styrene-butadiene-latex. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Fischer, K.. Neues Verfahren zur maßanalytischen Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes von Flüssigkeiten und festen Körpern. pp. 394–396.
- ↑ DE 728981 Archived 2019-12-17 at the وے بیک مشین, IG Farben, published 1937
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1963/ziegler/biographical/. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Hoffmann, R. W.. Wittig and His Accomplishments: Still Relevant Beyond His 100th Birthday. pp. 1411–1416.
- ↑ Barber, R. C. (1993). Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements. pp. 1757.
- ↑ Münzenberg, G. (1982). Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction 58Fe on 209Bi→267109. pp. 89.
- ↑ Karol, P. J. (2001). On the discovery of the elements 110-112 (IUPAC Technical Report).
- ↑ Hofmann, S. (1995). The new element 111. pp. 281.
- ↑ Hofmann, S.. The new element 112. pp. 229–230.
- ↑ Lynn White: "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 486–500 (497f. & 500)
- ↑ "How German Traditions Work" (in en). 25 July 2011. https://people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/national-traditions/german-tradition.htm. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Möderler, Catrin (13 July 2009). "Original eau de Cologne celebrates 300 years" (in en-GB). https://www.dw.com/en/original-eau-de-cologne-celebrates-300-years/a-4475632. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Who Made America? | Innovators | Levi Strauss". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/strauss_hi.html. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ A Revolutionist Dies. LIFE Magazine. Vol. 30 no. 6. Time Inc. Feb 5, 1951. p. 37. ISSN 0024-3019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Milestones". https://www.beiersdorf.com/about-us/our-history/milestones?rt=637122030563609994. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Chang, Katie (29 March 2012). "Vain Glorious | BB Creams Are Here!" (in en-US). https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/vain-glorious-bb-creams-are-here/. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Leibniz G., Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, Die Mathematische Schriften, ed. C. Gerhardt, Berlin 1879, vol.7, p.223; Engl. transl.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "HELL". http://www.cryptomuseum.com/manuf/hell/index.htm. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ Giloi, W. K.. Konrad Zuse's Plankalkül: The First High-Level "non von Neumann" Programming Language. pp. 17–24.
- ↑ "Friedrich L. Bauer, inventor of the stack and of the term software engineering". http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/bauer.html. Retrieved on 3 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Wilhelm Albert". انسائیکلوپیڈیا بریٹانیکا. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12706/Wilhelm-Albert. Retrieved on 9 April 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Donald Sayenga. "Modern History of Wire Rope". History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy (atlantic-cable.com). http://atlantic-cable.com//Article/WireRope/Sayenga/wirerope4.htm. Retrieved on 9 April 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Rings of fire: Hoffmann kilns". https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/10/hoffmann-kilns-brick-and-tile-production.html. Retrieved on 2 December 2019.
- ↑ Bellis, Mary (11 August 2019). "The History of Elevators From Top to Bottom" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-elevator-1991600. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ H. Goldschmidt, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben" (Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same), Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317 (13 March 1895).
- ↑ Thöny, Philip (12 December 2007). "The History of the Chainsaw" (in English). https://www.waldwissen.net/lernen/forstgeschichte/wsl_geschichte_motorsaege/index_EN. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "History of the Chainsaw – Celebrating 60 Years" (in en-NZ). https://www.husqvarna.com/nz/forest/product-focus/history-of-the-chainsaw-celebrating-60-years/. Retrieved on 9 November 2019.
- ↑ Cramer, Dietmar. Die Geschichte des Transportbetons (in German). pp. 13.
- ↑ "Die Spanplatte des Herrn Himmelheber | SWR Fernsehen" (in de). 9 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124315/https://www.swrfernsehen.de/die-spanplatte-des-herrn-himmelheber/-/id=2798/did=6487590/nid=2798/1e855zd/index.html. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ "History" (in en). https://www.flex-tools.com/en/company/history/. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Schwarzmann, Thomas (2015). "Von der Flex zur Giraffe Erfinder des Winkelschleifers bringen neuen Langhalsschleifer heraus" (in de). https://www.bauhandwerk.de/artikel/bhw_Von_der_Flex_zur_Giraffe_2265803.html. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Artur Fischer's plastic wall plug transforms construction industry" (in en-GB). https://www.ft.com/content/56d4a526-efc5-11e3-bee7-00144feabdc0. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Office, European Patent. "Artur Fischer (Germany)" (in en). https://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2014/fischer.html. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Sleight, Chris (1 October 2013). "Hydraulic breakers turn 50" (in en). https://www.khl.com/news/hydraulic-breakers-turn-50/88722.article. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "The first Passive House: Interview with Dr. Wolfgang Feist" (in en-GB). 19 October 2016. https://blog.passivehouse-international.org/first-passive-house-wolfgang-feist/. Retrieved on 14 October 2019.
- ↑ Hayes, Annie (5 October 2016). "Angostura: a brand history". https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2016/10/angostura-a-brand-history/. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Unger, Richard W. (1992). "Technical Change in the Brewing Industry in Germany, the Low Countries and England in the Late Middle Ages". http://www.jeeh.it/articolo?urn=urn:abi:abi:RIV.JOU:1992;2.281&ev=1. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ Kasko, Cyndie. "History German Beer | Reinheitsgebot | Oktoberfest Beer" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20180123005336/http://www.oldworld.ws/history-german-beer.html. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Paterson, Tony (15 August 2009). "Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin" (in en). http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/spicy-sausage-that-is-worthy-of-a-shrine-in-berlin-1772530.html. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Dresdner Dominosteine". 2012-11-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20121119070755/http://www.landwirtschaft.sachsen.de/landwirtschaft/14111.htm. Retrieved on 2018-05-20.
- ↑ "How the Hamburger Became an American Favorite". http://time.com/4342423/national-hamburger-day-history-origins-inventor/. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "frankfurter | Origin and meaning of frankfurter by Online Etymology Dictionary" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/frankfurter. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ Watson, Mike (30 September 2012). "The History of Lager". http://www.beerexpert.co.uk/lager.html. Retrieved on 24 May 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Kik, M. C.. Manual for the Study of Food Habits. pp. 61.
- ↑ Weyermann, Sabine (2012-04-06). "On the Trail of Josef Groll – Rediscovering Authentic Bohemian Malt and Beer". https://web.archive.org/web/20120406153917/https://scandbrewrev.dk/User_files/fc1134618c56707fc9306a38b6e10739.pdf. Retrieved on 2018-04-25.
- ↑ "Josef Groll – Vater des Pils" (in German). 2012-04-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051832/http://www.bier-kultour.de/front_content.php?idcatart=8&lang=1&client=1&theme=&navpoint=boehmen. Retrieved on 2018-04-25.
- ↑ "Potato Salad". https://www.guampedia.com/potato-salad/#History. Retrieved on 10 February 2019.
- ↑ "The Food Timeline: salad". http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodsalads.html#potato. Retrieved on 10 February 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "WAN – Newspapers: 400 Years Young!". 2010-03-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20100310235015/http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html. Retrieved on 2018-04-22.
- ↑ Göttsching, L. (2000). Recycled Fiber and Deinking.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Zipes, Jack (2015). "How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale" (in en). https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2015/marchapril/feature/how-the-grimm-brothers-saved-the-fairy-tale. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Volapük language, alphabet and pronunciation". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/volapuk.htm. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Ottmar Mergenthaler" (in en). https://www.invent.org/inductees/ottmar-mergenthaler. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
- ↑ Regelung der Funkentelegraphie im Deutschen Reich. 27 April 1905. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015084596132&view=1up&seq=445. The three Morse sequences were: Ruhezeichen (Cease Sending) ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄, Notzeichen (Distress) ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄, and Suchzeichen (Calling) ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
- ↑ German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy. 5 May 1905. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050973294&view=1up&seq=116.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Potter, Robert (Fall 1986). The "Ordo Virtutum": Ancestor of the English Moralities?.
- ↑ "Peter Henlein – The Inventor of the Watch" (in en). http://www.historyofwatch.com/clock-inventors/peter-henlein/. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein in year 1504". https://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/25/pocket-watch.html. Retrieved on 18 January 2018.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Oscilloscope History and Milestones". http://oscopes.info/background/2265-oscilloscope-milestones. Retrieved on 9 November 2019.
- ↑ "The printed circuit board is the base of modern electronics". 24 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828061658/https://rostec.ru/en/news/4515084/. Retrieved on 26 November 2019.
- ↑ "Electrospective Music | 1928 Magnetic tape" (in en-US). http://www.electrospectivemusic.com/1928-magnetic-tape/. Retrieved on 2018-05-20.
- ↑ "1935 AEG Magnetophon Tape Recorder". 2013-02-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20130208162634/http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/aeg-magnetophone-recorder-090106/. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "Magnetic Recording History Pictures". 2008-05-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509130422/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/tape.html. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "22.3.1935: Erstes Fernsehprogramm der Welt" (in de). http://www.kalenderblatt.de/index.php?what=thmanu&lang=de&manu_id=1737&sdt=20090322&maca=de-podcast_kalenderblatt-1086-xml-mrss. Retrieved on 2018-05-20.
- ↑ "Invention -The birth of the IC" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20121011022241/http://integratedcircuithelp.com/invention.htm. Retrieved on 2018-05-20.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Biophysics Prize Awarded to W. Helfrich and C. Bustamante" (in en). http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/3805321/Biophysics_Prize_Awarded_to_W__Helfrich_and_C__Bustamante.html. Retrieved on 2018-05-20.
- ↑ "History of CAN technology". https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123539/https://www.can-cia.org/can-knowledge/can/can-history/. Retrieved on 4 April 2020.
- ↑ "Eureka People: How Karlheinz Brandenburg invented the MP3 – Microsoft Devices BlogMicrosoft Devices Blog" (in en-US). https://blogs.windows.com/devices/2013/01/29/eureka-people-how-karlheinz-brandenburg-invented-the-mp3/. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "1990 – Uhrenfabrik Junghans". https://www.junghans.de/en/junghans-world/journey-through-time/1990.html. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ Svetlik, Joe (10 July 2018). "Who invented the SIM card? Discover the origins of this miracle device". https://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/phones-tablets/who-invented-the-sim-card-country-11364282650384. Retrieved on 31 October 2019.
- ↑ Durkin, Helen (18 April 2019). "What Is a Sim Card? Understanding the Basics" (in en-GB). https://www.mymemory.co.uk/blog/what-is-a-sim-card-understanding-the-basics/. Retrieved on 31 October 2019.
- ↑ Graham, Jefferson (21 November 2005). "Video websites pop up, invite postings". http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Feb. 2009 "Mohs hardness."
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Means, Tiffany (15 February 2019). "What are the World's Major Climate Types?" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/the-worlds-koppen-climates-4109230. Retrieved on 6 January 2020.
- ↑ Wegener, A.. Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage. pp. 185–195, 253–256, 305–309.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Gutenberg, B.. Discussion: Magnitude and energy of earthquakes. pp. 183–185.
- ↑ "When Was The Meat Grinder Invented" (in en-US). 10 July 2018. https://meatgrinderhelp.com/when-was-the-meat-grinder-invented/. Retrieved on 23 June 2019.
- ↑ Castro, Joseph (28 March 2013). "Who Invented the Mirror?" (in en). https://www.livescience.com/34466-who-invented-mirror.html. Retrieved on 26 November 2019.
- ↑ "The Inventor of Mirror – Who Invented Mirror?". http://www.mirrorhistory.com/mirror-history/who-invented-mirror/. Retrieved on 26 November 2019.
- ↑ Liebig, Justus. Ueber Versilberung und Vergoldung von Glas. pp. 132–139.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Bellis, Mary (16 September 2018). "The History of the Paper Punch" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-paper-punch-1992335. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Lisador, Charlotte (12 October 2015). "Das Maß aller Dinge" (in de). https://www.evangelisch.de/inhalte/125736/12-10-2015/das-mass-aller-dinge. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
- ↑ "Revolutionary Wound Care". https://www.beiersdorf.com/brands/brand-history/hansaplast?rt=637122157954304540. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Back in time – History of Hygiene – Detergent". https://web.archive.org/web/20180331231357/http://www.hygieneforhealth.org.au/detergent.php. Retrieved on 2018-05-20.
- ↑ Bellis, Mary (7 April 2017). "This is the History of How We Brew Coffee" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-how-we-make-coffee-1991478. Retrieved on 9 November 2019.
- ↑ "Heimatmuseum zeigt mehr als hundert Jahre Lichtenberger Industriegeschichte: Der Eierschneider war ein Welterfolg" (in de-DE). 23 April 1997. https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/heimatmuseum-zeigt-mehr-als-hundert-jahre-lichtenberger-industriegeschichte-der-eierschneider-war-ein-welterfolg-li.9203. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
- ↑ "TEEKANNE: Explore the History of the Tea Bag Packaging Machines" (in en-EN). https://web.archive.org/web/20201105082216/http://www.teekanne.com/about-us/double-chamber-tea-bag/explore-the-history-of-the-tea-bag-packaging-machines/. Retrieved on 18 January 2018.
- ↑ "Ink eradicators – Pelikan". https://www.pelikan.com/pulse/Pulsar/en_US_INTL.CMS.displayCMS.118639./tintenkiller-historischer-ueberblick-lehrer-aktion-september-2003. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Peter Schlumbohm". https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/peter-schlumbohm. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "Sixty years of the Federal Republic of Germany – a retrospective of everyday life". http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/typ/bun/en4922236.htminventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coffee.htm. Retrieved on 28 December 2012.
- ↑ "Pritt History". 18 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130318043734/http://www.prittworld.ca/en/consumer/meta/header-navigation/about-pritt/pritt-history.html. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ "On the Six-Cornered Snowflake". https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212622/https://www.keplersdiscovery.com/SixCornered.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Wilhelm Schickard invented a calculating machine, - Computing History". http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/5921/Wilhelm-Schickard-invented-a-calculating-machine/. Retrieved on 25 February 2019.
- ↑ "Things that Count – Early Evolution of the Modern Calculator". https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015347/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.TheModernEpochAndTheEmergenceOfTheModernCalculator. Retrieved on 25 February 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Aldrich, John. "Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus". http://jeff560.tripod.com/calculus.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Oscar Sheynin, History of Statistics, Berlin: NG Verlag Berlin, 2012, p. 81.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Bessel, F.. Untersuchung des Theils der planetarischen Störungen.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse.". https://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Zeta/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Cantor, Georg. Ueber eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen. pp. 258–262.
- ↑ Weisstein, Eric W.. "Klein Bottle" (in en). http://mathworld.wolfram.com/KleinBottle.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Kutta, Martin. Beitrag zur näherungsweisen Integration totaler Differentialgleichungen. pp. 435–453.
- ↑ Runge, Carl David Tolmé. Über die numerische Auflösung von Differentialgleichungen. pp. 167–178.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ von Basedow, K. A.. Exophthalmus durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der Augenhöhle. pp. 197–204; 220–228.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Reese, D. M.. Fundamentals--Rudolf Virchow and modern medicine. pp. 105–108.
- ↑ Keeler, Richard. The Ophthalmoscope in the Lifetime of Hermann von Helmholtz. pp. 194–201.
- ↑ Verso, ML. The Evolution of Blood Counting Techniques. pp. 149–58.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ F. Gaedcke (1855). Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca. pp. 141–150.
- ↑ Niemann, Albert (1860). Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern. pp. 129–256.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Robert Koch and Tuberculosis: Koch's Famous Lecture". 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20120702164212/http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/tuberculosis/readmore.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Garrison, F. H.. Edwin Klebs (1834–1913). pp. 920–921.
- ↑ Evans, A. S.. Causation and disease: a chronological journey. The Thomas Parran Lecture. pp. 249–58.
- ↑ Howard-Jones, N.. Robert Koch and the cholera vibrio: a centenary. pp. 379–81.
- ↑ Edeleano L (1887). Ueber einige Derivate der Phenylmethacrylsäure und der Phenylisobuttersäure. pp. 616–622.
- ↑ Loeffler, F.. Darauf theilte Herr Loeffler in einem zweiten Vortrag die Ergebnisse seiner weiteren Untersuchungen uber die Diphtherie- Bacillen mit. pp. 105–112.
- ↑ "Adolf Eugen Fick (1852–1937)". https://web.archive.org/web/20200216122203/http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/adolfeugenfick. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/lecture/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Felix Hoffmann" (in en). June 2016. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/felix-hoffmann. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Vaupel, E.. Arthur Eichengrün—Tribute to a Forgotten Chemist, Entrepreneur, and German Jew. pp. 3344–3355.
- ↑ Brown, F.. The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease. pp. 3–7.
- ↑ "The history of antibiotics". https://web.archive.org/web/20200916073702/https://microbiologysociety.org/members-outreach-resources/outreach-resources/antibiotics-unearthed/antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance/the-history-of-antibiotics.html. Retrieved on 31 January 2020.
- ↑ Williams, K. J.. The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine – the first magic bullet. pp. 343–8.
- ↑ Frith, John. Arsenic – the "Poison of Kings" and the "Saviour of Syphilis".
- ↑ "Dihydrocodeine". https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01551. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Thiery, M.. Pioneers of the intrauterine device. pp. 15–23.
- ↑ "History – More Than 100 Years of Lip Care". https://int.labello.com/about-labello/history. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "The History, Patent, and Uses of MDMA". https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-mdma-ecstasy-4079861. Retrieved on 10 February 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Mannich, C. (1920). Ueber zwei neue Reduktionsprodukte des Kodeins. pp. 295–316.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Felden, L.. Comparative Clinical Effects of Hydromorphone and Morphine. pp. 319–328.
- ↑ West, J. B.. The beginnings of cardiac catheterization and the resulting impact on pulmonary medicine. pp. L651–L658.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1969/summary/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Singh, Siddharth. The origin of echocardiography: A Tribute to Inge Edler. pp. 431–438.
- ↑ "History of Schering AG – FundingUniverse" (in en). http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/schering-ag-history/. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "SCHERING A.G. - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on SCHERING A.G.". http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/39/SCHERING-A-G.html. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "C-Leg lower limb prosthesis" (in en-GB). https://web.archive.org/web/20191218091625/https://www.ottobock.com/en/press/media-information/media-information-c-leg/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Greene, Nick (3 July 2019). "A Profile of Hans Lippershey: Optician and Telescope Maker" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/hans-lippershey-3072382. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Chodos, Alan (November 2012). "November 1777: Discovery of Lichtenberg Figures" (in en). http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201211/physicshistory.cfm. Retrieved on 28 March 2020.
- ↑ Frercks, Jan. Reception and discovery: the nature of Johann Wilhelm Ritter's invisible rays. pp. 143–156.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found. (Gauss, Werke, vol. V, p. 1). Gauss mentions Newton's Principia proposition XCI regarding finding the force exerted by a sphere on a point anywhere along an axis passing through the sphere.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Einige Beispiele für deutsche Landespatente im 19. Jahrhundert" (in de). http://www.wolfgang-pfaller.de/landespa.htm. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Wagner, Jorg. The Bohnenberger machine. pp. 107–114.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Ohm, G. S. (1827). "Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet". https://web.archive.org/web/20090326094110/http://www.ohm-hochschule.de/bib/textarchiv/Ohm.Die_galvanische_Kette.pdf. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Clausius, R.. Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen. pp. 368–397, 500–524.
- ↑ Clausius, R.. Über eine veränderte Form des Zweiten Hauptsatzes der mechanischen Wärmetheorien. pp. 481–506.
- ↑ Magnus, G.. Über die Abweichung der Geschosse, und: Über eine abfallende Erscheinung bei rotierenden Körpern. pp. 1–29.
- ↑ "Heinrich Geissler". https://www.crtsite.com/Heinrich-Geissler.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Pantalony, David. "Variations on a Theme: The Movement of Acoustic Resonators through Multiple Contexts". https://acoustics.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/contributor-essays/variations-theme-movement-acoustic-resonators-through-multiple-contexts. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.
- ↑ "Spectrometers | Instruments". http://astro-canada.ca/les_spectrometres-spectrometers-eng. Retrieved on 7 May 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Clausius, R.. Über verschiedene, für die Anwendung bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. pp. 353–400.
- ↑ Clausius, R.. Ueber einen auf die Wärme anwendbaren mechanischen Satz. pp. 124–130.
- ↑ Sella, Andrea. Abbé's refractometer.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Petersen, Carolyn Collins (4 January 2019). "Heinrich Hertz Proved Existence of Electromagnetic Waves" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/heinrich-hertz-4181970. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Wien, W.. On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body. pp. 214–220.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "X-Rays | Science Mission Directorate". https://science.nasa.gov/ems/11_xrays. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Nernst Lamp – How it works and history". https://edisontechcenter.org/NernstLamps.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Drude, P.. Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle. pp. 566–613.
- ↑ "October 1900: Planck's Formula for Black Body Radiation" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20070910081338/http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200210/history.cfm. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "The birth of quantum theory" (in en). 14 December 2018. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-birth-of-quantum-theory. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Anderson, J. D.. Ludwig Prandtl's Boundary Layer. pp. 42–48.
- ↑ "Christian Huelsmeyer, the inventor". http://www.radarworld.org/huelsmeyer.html. Retrieved on 10 February 2019.
- ↑ Einstein, A.. Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?. pp. 639–643.
- ↑ Einstein, A.. Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper. pp. 891–921.
- ↑ Gee, Kent L.. The Rubens tube. pp. 025003.
- ↑ Lucas, Jim (22 May 2015). "What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics?". https://www.livescience.com/50942-third-law-thermodynamics.html. Retrieved on 31 October 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Stark effect" (in en). https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100528574. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Noether, E.. Invariante Variationsprobleme. pp. 235–257.
- ↑ Einstein, A.. Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. pp. 769–822.
- ↑ Einstein, A.. Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. pp. 121–128.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Hahn, O.. Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran. pp. 84.
- ↑ Gerlach, W.. Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld. pp. 349–352.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1954/bothe/lecture/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Emspak, Jesse (3 August 2018). "States of Matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate". https://www.livescience.com/54667-bose-einstein-condensate.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Sommerfeld, A.. Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle auf Grund der Fermischen Statistik. pp. 1–32.
- ↑ Heisenberg, W.. Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. pp. 172–198.
- ↑ Geiger, H.. Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten [Electron counting tube for measurement of weakest radioactivities]. pp. 617–618.
- ↑ "Life through a Lens" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/perspectives/. Retrieved on 15 December 2019.
- ↑ "Meissner effect | physics" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/science/Meissner-effect. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Understanding the Process" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/understanding-the-process. Retrieved on 7 December 2019.
- ↑ McMullan, D.. Von Ardenne and the scanning electron microscope. pp. 283–288.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1944/summary/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1963/summary/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1961/summary/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1989/dehmelt/biographical/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Zwicker, E.. Subdivision of the audible frequency range into critical bands. pp. 248.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/summary/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lindley, David. Focus: Landmarks—Accidental Discovery Leads to Calibration Standard.
- ↑ Binnig, G. (1986). Scanning tunneling microscopy. pp. 355–69.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007". August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110805062614/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Hell, S. W.. Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: Stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. pp. 780–782.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2005/summary/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Anthony Giddens. Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.
- ↑ Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848). The Communist Manifesto (on marxists.org)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Anti Positivism". 3 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120403001519/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/anti_positivism.htm. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Social Security History" (in en). https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "History of DST in Europe" (in en). https://www.timeanddate.com/time/europe/daylight-saving-history.html. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ عالمی تنظیم برائے حقوق دانش, International Survey on Private Copying – Law & Practice 2013 (23rd ed.) p.4: "A levy was first introduced in Germany in 1966."
- ↑ "Christmas Markets in Germany and Europe". https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/christmas-markets-in-germany/. Retrieved on 10 November 2019.
- ↑ Carter, Joe (2 November 2017). "9 Things You Should Know About Lutheranism" (in en-US). https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-know-lutheranism/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "History of Christmas Trees – Christmas – HISTORY.com". https://www.history.com/topics/christmas/history-of-christmas-trees. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Christmas History Tinsel". http://www.christmascarnivals.com/christmas-history/christmas-history-tinsel.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Hernández, Isabel (1 November 2016). "Meet the Man Who Started the Illuminati" (in en). https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/07-08/profile-adam-weishaupt-illuminati-secret-society/. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Wolfe, Karin (5 September 2007). "How to enjoy Oktoberfest like a local". https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-09-05-oktoberfest-local-tips_N.htm. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Adventskranz: Geschichte und Bedeutung der vier Kerzen" (in de). https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/Adventskranz-Geschichte-und-Bedeutung-der-vier-Kerzen,adventskranz1289.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Advent calendars" (in en-US). https://www.weihnachtsmuseum.de/en/die-ausstellung/advent/adventskalender. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Strauss, Michael. "A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times | Scholastic". http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/history-gymnastics-ancient-greece-modern-times/. Retrieved on 4 December 2019.
- ↑ Drane, Robert (16 March 2016). "Friedrich Jahn invented gymnastics' apparatus". https://www.insidesport.com.au/news/friedrich-jahn-invented-gymnastics-apparatus-422812. Retrieved on 4 December 2019.
- ↑ Robson, David (16 July 2019). "A History Lesson In Bodybuilding" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20210423123443/https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/drobson61.htm. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ "Schutzhundesport" (in de). https://web.archive.org/web/20200920013931/https://partner-hund.de/info-rat/sport-spiel/hundesport-von-a-bis-z/schutzhundesport. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Origins of Handball" (in en-gb). https://web.archive.org/web/20180118204745/http://www.bchandball.ca/index.php/about/whatisteamhandball/history-of-handball. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "The history of handball" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20180122023420/http://www.handball09.com/the-history-of-handball/. Retrieved on 2018-01-18.
- ↑ "History of Gliding". https://web.archive.org/web/20201024093351/https://www.cugc.org.uk/about-gliding/history-gliding/. Retrieved on 19 August 2020.
- ↑ Jaedicke, Thomas (8 November 2015). "Rhönraderfinder Otto Feick – Patent für zwei Reifen und sechs Sprossen [Patent For Two Hoops and Six Cross-bars"] (in de-DE). https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/rhoenraderfinder-otto-feick-patent-fuer-zwei-reifen-und.871.de.html?dram:article_id=336201. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Hitler's Berlin Games Helped Make Some Emblems Popular". 14 August 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20090424114315/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/14/sports/olympics/14torch.html?ex=1207972800&en=732b3844bc19c839&ei=5070. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Best of Men – Ludwig Guttman and the First Paralympic Games – BBC Two" (in en-GB). http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3NVTMSLr2ZT9XSFQzYYbcwf/ludwig-guttman-and-the-first-paralympic-games. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Vinegar, Dick (2012-09-10). "A sincere and heartfelt homage to the founder of the Paralympics" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2012/sep/10/homage-founder-paralympics. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Newcomb, Tim (29 September 2017). "From Super Atom to Flyknit: The history of the modern soccer boot" (in en-US). https://web.archive.org/web/20200404182514/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/history-soccer-boots-cleats-nike-adidas-puma-evolution. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Underwater Rugby" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20210203055720/https://www.cmas.org/underwater-rugby. Retrieved on 20 May 2018.
- ↑ Monthei, Amanda. "Grassholes" (in en-US). https://www.theskijournal.com/exclusive/grassholes/. Retrieved on 10 November 2019.
- ↑ Kuska, Sylvia (6 July 2012). "Auf Skiern die Bergwiese hinab". https://web.archive.org/web/20191110201336/https://www.svz.de/deutschland-welt/junge-zeitung/kinderseite/auf-skiern-die-bergwiese-hinab-id4218246.html. Retrieved on 10 November 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "25 years IPC – history" (in en). 2014. https://www.paralympic.org/ipc-25-year-anniversary/history. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Collins, Sam (3 January 2008). "DTM | Touring Car". https://web.archive.org/web/20080314104059/http://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/touringcar/172003/dtm-at-close-quarters.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Wenck, Dietmar (15 June 2013). "Speed Badminton – ein Sport, den es ohne Berliner nicht gäbe" (in de-DE). https://www.morgenpost.de/sport/berlin-sport/article117148871/Speed-Badminton-ein-Sport-den-es-ohne-Berliner-nicht-gaebe.html. Retrieved on 3 November 2019.
- ↑ "The Strandkorb" (in en). https://web.archive.org/web/20200327093015/https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/derstrandkorb/index.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "172. Geburtstag von Wilhelm Bartelmann" (in de). 7 October 2017. https://www.google.com/doodles/wilhelm-bartelmanns-172nd-birthday?hl=de. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Docevski, Boban (21 October 2016). "The beginnings of leisure cruising and the first cruise ships in the world" (in en). https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/21/the-beginnings-of-leisure-cruising-and-the-first-cruise-ships-in-the-world/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "A History of the Carabiner". Mountain Spirit Institute. http://blog.mtnspirit.org/2011/07/02/a-history-of-the-carbiner/. Retrieved on 2013-01-07.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Karl Ferdinand Hommel: Rhapsodia quaestionum in foro quotidie obunientum, Vol. 3, Bayreuth, 1782, p. 115.
- ↑ "Skat". https://www.pagat.com/schafkopf/skat.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "History". https://web.archive.org/web/20191210085529/http://www.kolb-technology.com/en/about/history.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Schwarz, Helmut (2007). "Schmidt, Josef Friedrich" (in German). Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. 23: 187.
- ↑ "On the Death of Prof. Artur Fischer" (in en). 28 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20191218212217/https://www.fischer.group/en/press/press-releases/fischer-group-of-companies/zum-tode-von-prof-artur-fischer. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Baer, Ralph. "How Video Games invaded the Home TV Set". http://www.ralphbaer.com/how_video_games.htm. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Catan". https://www.catan.com/about-us/catan-gmbh. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Who Invented the Wheelchair?" (in en). 2 February 2009. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/20768/who-invented-wheelchair. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ "Dandy Horse – Invented by Baron Karl Drais" (in en). http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/dandy-horse/. Retrieved on 2018-04-22.
- ↑ Navntoft, Søren (5 November 2019). "The Tachometer" (in en-GB). https://viaretro.com/2019/11/the-tachometer/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Doppelbauer, Martin (1 August 2018). "Jacobi's first real electric motor" (in en-gb). https://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1382.php. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ "Electric Boats". https://ethw.org/Electric_Boats. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ Bellis, Mary (18 June 2018). "Nicolaus Otto: Inventor of the Gas Motor Engine" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/nicolaus-otto-engine-design-4072867. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Taplin, Michael. "History of Light Rail — LRTA". https://web.archive.org/web/20160825170136/http://www.lrta.org/mrthistory.html. Retrieved on 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Who invented the car – the story behind Karl Benz | RAC Drive" (in en). https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/features/who-invented-the-car/. Retrieved on 2018-04-22.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Beginnings of the automobile: the predecessor companies (1886–1920)" (in en). https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1886-1920.html. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ Edwardson, Mike (16 November 2011). "125 year anniversary of world's first motorboat" (in en-US). https://www.superyachtworld.com/news/125-year-anniversary-of-worlds-first-motorboat-1610. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ "Bertha Benz Memorial Route". http://www.bertha-benz.de/indexen.php?sub=2&col=b&inhalt=pers_erstetankst. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Kerler, Wolfgang (15 August 2018). "Germany's car industry can't build its own battery cells" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/15/17685634/germany-car-industry-battery-cells. Retrieved on 12 November 2019.
- ↑ "V ENGINES". https://archive.today/20200127174925/https://www.topspeed.com/cars/engine-s-history-ar11139.html. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ "Remembering Rudolf Diesel: inventor of the diesel engine; biofuels enthusiast" (in en). 9 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20200811220630/https://z.co.nz/about-z/news/sustainability-news/remembering-rudolf-diesel-inventor-of-the-diesel-engine-biofuels-enthusiast/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Otto Lilienthal – a precursor of powered human flight" (in en-US). https://arts.eu/blog/otto-lilienthal-a-precursor-of-powered-human-flight. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Otto Lilienthal". https://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/inventors/i/Lilienthal/Lilienthal.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "NIHF Inductee Ferdinand von Zeppelin Invented the Rigid Airship" (in en). https://www.invent.org/inductees/ferdinand-von-zeppelin. Retrieved on 6 March 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "All About the Ubiquitous Taxi Cab" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/hailing-history-of-the-taxi-1992541. Retrieved on 23 June 2019.
- ↑ "1901 Mercedes 35 HP" (in en). 6 December 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20200812090235/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1901-mercedes-35-hp.htm. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ Hagerty, Mike (6 August 2019). "What's Up With Those Old Drum Brakes?" (in en-US). http://knowhow.napaonline.com/whats-up-with-those-old-drum-brakes/. Retrieved on 4 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Speedometer". 26 April 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20090228112741/http://w1.siemens.com/press/en/pp_cc/2005/04_apr/sosep200501_10_(special200504)_1264810.htm. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "DELAG: The World's First Airline" (in en-US). https://www.airships.net/delag-passenger-zeppelins/. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Grossman, Dan (9 July 2010). "The World's First Flight Attendant: Heinrich Kubis, 1912" (in en-US). https://www.airships.net/blog/worlds-first-flight-attendant/. Retrieved on 8 November 2019.
- ↑ Fischer, Walther (1979). "Klose, Adolph" (in de). https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz42993.html. Retrieved on 4 April 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Junkers J1" (in en-US). 31 July 2019. https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1703. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "European Helicopter Pioneers". http://www.airvectors.net/avheli_1.html. Retrieved on 20 May 2018.
- ↑ "Heinkel He 178". http://www.aviation-history.com/heinkel/he178.html. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ "Who Invented Airbags?" (in en). https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-airbags-1991232. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
- ↑ Sherman, Don (February 2008). The Rotary Club.
- ↑ Kupfer, Erich (29 October 2013). "VdM-Kollege Dr. Heinz Kunert gestorben" (in de). https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190945/http://www.motorjournalist.de/namen-und-nachrichten/personalia/detailansicht-personalia.html?tx_aspresse_pi1%5Bitem%5D=135. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' not found.
- ↑ Waschbusch, Lisa Marie (29 January 2018). "40 Jahre ABS: Urahn des autonomen Fahrens" (in de). https://www.automobil-industrie.vogel.de/40-jahre-abs-urahn-des-autonomen-fahrens-a-681184/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.
- ↑ ""Die Entwickler des ESP" Anton van Zanten und Armin Müller bei MD.TAGE WIE DIESER" (in de-DE). June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226084339/http://motordialog.de/twd_esp/. Retrieved on 18 December 2019.