حروف
آخری-وسطی-ابتدائی
معیاری چینی تلفظ
ہانیو پنین
عربی تلفظ
فارسی تلفظ
مثال
نوٹس
1
[ɑ] ، [a]
a, a-, -a, -a-
[ʔ] ، [a:] ، [æ:]
[ʔ] ، [ɔ] ، [æ]
اَ (阿ā)
vowel sound
2
[p] |[b] -
b-
[b]
[b]
بَا (爸bà)
3
[pʰ] -
p-
none
[p]
پُ (婆pó)
borrowed from Persian
4
[tʰ] -
t-
[t]
[t]
تَا (塔tǎ)
5
[tɕʰ] -, [ɕ] -
q-, x-
[θ]
[s]
ثِئ (些xiē)
sound change occurs when representing Chinese
6
[tɕʰ] -
q-
none
none
ٿْو (穷qióng)
7
[tʂ] -
zh-
[dʒ]
[dʒ]
جـْ (这zhè)
sound change occurs when representing Chinese
8
[tʂʰ] -
ch-
none
[tʃ]
چـْ (车chē)
borrowed from Persian
9
[x] -
h-
[ħ]
[h]
حـْ (河hé)
used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -e, -ei, -en, -eng
10
[x] -
h-
[x]
[x]
خـُ (湖hú)
used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -u, -ua, -uai, -uan, -uang, -ui, -un, -uo
11
[t] |[d] -, [tɕ] -
d-, j-
[d]
[d]
دٍْ (钉dīng)
also used to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial j-
12
[ts] -
z-
[ð]
[z]
ذَىْ (在zài)
13
-[ɻ]
-r
[r]
[r]
لِر (粒儿 lìr)
represents the rhotic final -r sound
14
none
none
[z]
[z]
زَكَاة (زکات )
only used with Arabic loans
15
[ʐ] |[ɻ] -
r-
none
[ʒ]
ژْ (热rè)
borrowed from Persian
16
[s] -, [ɕ] -
s-, x-
[s]
[s]
سٍ (信xìn)
also used to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials s- and sh-
17
[s] -
s-
none
none
(思sī)
only used for entering tone or formerly entering tone syllables
18
[ʂ] -, [ɕ] -
sh-, x-
[ʃ]
[ʃ]
شِ (是shì)
also used to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial x-
19
[s] -
s-
[sˤ] |[sˠ]
[s]
صْ (色sè)
20
none
none
[dˤ] |[ðˠ]
[z]
الْضَّاد (letter ض )
only used with Arabic loans
21
[tsʰ] -
c-
none
none
ڞْ (册cè)
22
[ts] -
z-
[tˤ] |[tˠ]
[t]
طٌ (遵zūn)
sound change occurs when representing Chinese
23
[ts] -
z-
[ðˤ] |[ðˠ]
[z]
ظْ (作zuò)
sound change occurs when representing Chinese
24
[ə]
e, e-, -e, -e-
[ʕ]
[ʔ]
عـَ (恶è)
a vowel when representing Chinese, but considered a حرف صحیح when representing Arabic and Persian loans
25
none
none
[ɣ] |[ʁ]
[ɣ] ، [q] ، [ɢ] ، [x]
غَبْن (criminal fraud)
only used with Arabic loans
26
[f] -
f-
[f]
[f]
فِ (废fèi)
27
[k] |[ɡ] -
g-
[q]
[q] ، [ɢ]
قَ (个ge)
sound change occurs when representing Chinese
28
none
none
[k]
none
كَلِمَة (proverb)
only used with Arabic loans
28
[kʰ] -
k-
none
[k]
کْ (可kě)
borrowed from Persian
29
none
none
none
[ɡ]
گنج (treasure)
borrowed from Persian and only used with Persian loans
30
[ŋ] -, [ɲ] -
ng-, gn-
none
none
ݣْا (仰ngǎng)
relatively rare, used to represent either the [ŋ] - initial of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia or the [ɲ] - initial of Gansu and Qinghai
31
[l] -
l-
[l] |[lˤ]
[l]
لِ (里lǐ)
32
[m] |[n] -
m-, n-
[m]
[m]
مِ (秘mì)
33
[n] -
n-
[n]
[n]
نِ (你nǐ)
34
[x] -
h-
[h]
[h] ، [ɛ] ، [æ]
هَا (哈hā)
mostly used with Arabic loans, used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -a, -ai, -an, -ang, -ao
35
[u] ، [ʊ]
wu, u-, -u, -u-
[w] ، [u:]
[v] ، [u] ، [o] ، [ow]
ءُ (无wú)
vowel sound
36
none
none
[j] ، [i:]
none
يَوْم (قیامت )
only used with Arabic loans and a vowel sound
36
[i] ، [ɪ]
yi, i-, -i, -i-
none
[j] ، [i] ، [e]
يَا (呀ya)
borrowed from Persian and a vowel sound