نوبل انعام جیتو یہودی

ہن تک نوبل انعام جیتو شخصیتاں چوں 170 یہودی اس انعام نوں وصول کر چکے نیں جو کہ مجموعی طور اتے نوبل انعام جتل آلےآں دا 20 فیصد بن دے نیں جدونکہ دنیا چ یہودی پیروکاراں دی آبادی مجموعی طور اتے صرف0.2% اے۔(یا پنچ سو وچوں اک یہودی اے)مجموعی طور اتے یہودی شخصیتاں نے معاشیات دے شعبے چ 41فیصد ادویات چ 28 فیصد فزکس چ 26 فیصد، 19 فیصد کیمیاء چ13 فیصد ساہت چ جدونکہ 9 فیصد امن دے شعبے چ لئے نیں۔ سب توں پہلا یہودی شخص ایڈولف وون بئیر سی جے نے 1905 چ کیمیاء چ نوبل انعام وصول کیتا۔

ساہت

سال	انعام یافتہ		ملک	وجہ
1910		پال ہیسی	جرمنی	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
1927		ہنری برگساں	فرانس	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
1958		بریس پاسترناک>	Soviet Union	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
1966		سیمویل یوسف اگنون	Israel	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
		نیلی سکہس	Sweden	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
1976		سال بیلو	امریکا	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
1978		آئزک بشوس سنگر	امریکا	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1981		الیاس کینٹی	برطانیہ	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
1987		جوزف برودسکی	امریکا	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
1991		ناڈینگورڈیمر	South Africa	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"
2002		امری کرٹرز	Hungary	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
2004		الفرڈ جیلنک	Austria	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
2005		ہیرلڈ پنٹر	برطانیہ	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"
2014		پیتریک مودیانو	France	"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"

کیمیاء

سال	انعام یافتہ		ملک	وجہ
1905		ایڈولف وان بایر	جرمنی	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906		آنری موئساں	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1910		اوتو والاخ	جرمنی	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1915		رچرڈ ولسٹیٹر	جرمنی	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1918		فرٹز ہیبر	جرمنی	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1943		جارج دی ہیوسی	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1961		ملون کیلون	امریکا	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962		میکس پیروٹز	برطانیہ	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
1972		کرسچن بی اینفنسن	امریکا	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
		ولیم ہورڈ سٹین	امریکا	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1977	فائل:Ilya Prigogine.jpg	الیا پرگوگین	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1979	فائل:William Howard Stein.jpg	ہربرٹ سی براون	امریکا	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1980		پاول برگ	امریکا	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		والٹر گلبرٹ	امریکا	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1981		روالڈ ہوف مین	امریکا	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
1982		ارون کلگ	برطانیہ	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1985		جیروم کارلی	امریکا	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		ہربرٹ اے ہاوپٹمین	امریکا
1989		سڈنی آلٹ مین	Canada امریکا	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1992		روڈلف اے مارکس	امریکا	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1994		جارج انڈریو اولاح	Hungary	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1996		ہیری کروٹو	England	"for the discovery of fullerenes"
1998		والٹر کوہن	امریکا	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
2000		الان جے ہیگر	امریکا	"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
2004		ارون چیکونور	اسرائیل	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		اورامہ	Israel
		ارون روس	امریکا
2006		راجر ڈی کورنبرگ	امریکا	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2008		مارٹن کالفی	امریکا	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP".
2009		ادا یوناتھ	Israel	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2011		ڈان سیکٹ مین	Israel	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
2012		رابرٹ لیفکووٹز	امریکا	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2013		اریا وارشل	Israel	"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
		مائیکل لیوٹ	امریکا, Britain, Israel
		مارٹن کارپلس	امریکا, Austria

طب

سال	وصول کنندہ		ملک	وجہ
1908		الئی مٹینیکو	روس	"in recognition of their work on immunity"
		پاول اہرلچ	جرمنی
1914		رابرٹ برانی	Austria-Hungary	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
1922		اوٹو فرٹز مئیر ہوف	جرمنی	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
1930		کارل لینڈ سٹینر	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"
1931		اوٹو ہنرچ وار برگ	جرمنی	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
1936		اوٹو لوئی	Austria	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
1944		جوزف ارلینگر	امریکا	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
		ہر برٹ سپنسر گیسر
1945		ارنسٹ بوری چین	برطانیہ	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
1946	فائل:Hermann Joseph Muller.jpg	ہرمن جوزف میولر	امریکا	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of ایکس شعاع irradiation"
1947		گرٹی کوری	امریکا	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1950		Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland / Poland	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1952		عیل مین والکمین	امریکا	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1953		ہنس ایڈلف کرب	برطانیہ	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
		فرٹز البرٹ لیپ مین	امریکا	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1958		جیشوا لیڈربرگ	امریکا	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
1959		آرتھر کورن برگ	امریکا	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1964		کونارڈ ایمل بلوک	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
1965		فرانکیوس جیکب	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
		انڈری مائیکل لوف
1967		جارج والڈ	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1968		مارشل وارن نارنبرگ	امریکا	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1969		سیلواڈور لوریا	امریکا, Italy	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1970		جیولیوس ایکزل روڈ	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
		برنارڈ کٹز	برطانیہ
1972		گیرالڈ ایڈر مین	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
1975		ڈیوڈ بلٹی مور	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
		ہوورڈ مارٹن ٹیمن	امریکا
1976		باروچ سیمیول بلوم برگ	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1977		انڈریو شیلی	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
		روزالن سوسمین یالو	امریکا	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1978		ڈینئیل نیتھن	امریکا	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
1980		باروخ بن الصراف	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1984		سیسر میلسٹین	Argentina	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
1985		مائیکل سٹاورٹ براون	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
		جوزف گولڈ سٹین	امریکا
1986		Stanley Cohen	امریکا	"for their discoveries of growth factors"
		ریٹالیوی -مونٹلسینی	Italy
1988		گرٹروڈ بی. الیون	امریکا	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1989		ہیرالڈ ای. ورمس	امریکا	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1994		الفرڈ جی گلمین	امریکا	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
		مارٹن روڈبل
1997		سٹینلی بی پروسینر	امریکا	"for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection"
1998		رابرٹ فرشگوٹ	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
2000		پاول گرین گارڈ	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
		ارک کینڈل	امریکا
2002		سڈنی برینر	برطانیہ	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
		ایچ رابرٹ ہروٹز	امریکا
2004		رچرڈ اکزل	امریکا	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2006		انڈریو فائر	امریکا	"for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2011		رالف ایم. سٹین مین	Canada	for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
		بروس بیوٹلر	امریکا	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2013		جیمز روتھ مین	امریکا	for "their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
		رینڈی شیک مین	امریکا

فزکس

سال	وجہ		ملک	وجہ
1907		البرٹ اے مچلسن	امریکا	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1908		گبریل لیپمین	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1921		البرٹ آئنسٹائن	جرمنی	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922		نیلز بوہر	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1925		جیمز فرانک	جرمنی	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an برقیہ upon an atom"
		Gustav Hertz	جرمنی
1943		اوٹو سٹرن	امریکا	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944		ازیڈور ائیزک ربی	امریکا	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1952		فلکس بلوک	امریکا	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1954		میکس بورن	برطانیہ	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
1958		الوا فرانک	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè	Italy	"for their discovery of the antiproton"
1960		ڈونالڈ اے گلیسر	امریکا	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961		رابرٹ ہوفسٹڈلر	امریکا	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1962		لیو لینڈاؤ	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963		یوجین پاول وگنر	امریکا	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1965		رچرڈ فلپ فے مین	امریکا	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
		جولیان سکونگر	امریکا
1967		ہنس بیتھ	امریکا	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1969		ماری گیل مین	امریکا	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1971	فائل:Dennis Gabor.jpg	ڈینس گبور	برطانیہ	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972		لیون کوپر	امریکا	"for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1973		برائن ڈیوڈ جوزف سن	برطانیہ	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1975		بن روئے مٹل سن	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1976		برٹن رچر	امریکا	"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1978		ارنو الن پنزاس	امریکا	"for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
1979		شیلڈن لی گلاشو	امریکا	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
		سٹیون وینبرگ	امریکا
1987		کارل ایلکزینڈر میولر	Switzerland	"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
1988		لیون ایم لیڈر مین	امریکا	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
		ملون سکوارٹز	امریکا
		جیک سٹین برگر	امریکا
1990		جیروم آئیزک فرائڈ مین	امریکا	"for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1992		جیرج چارپک	France / Poland	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1995		مارٹن لیوس پیرل	امریکا	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
		فریڈرک رینز	امریکا	"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996		David Morris Lee	امریکا	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
		ڈوگلاس اوشروف	امریکا
1997		کلاؤڈ کوہن-ٹناڈجی	France	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
2000		زورس ایونوچ الفرو	Russia	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
2003		الیکزی الیکزیوچ ابریکوسو	Russia امریکا	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
		وائٹلی گنزبرگ	Russia
2004		ڈیوڈ جے گروس	امریکا	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
		ہگ ڈیوڈ پیولٹزر	امریکا
2005		روئے جے گلوبر	امریکا	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
2011		ایڈم ریس	امریکا	"for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating"
		ساول پرلموتر	امریکا
2012		سرگ ہروچ	France	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
2013		فرانکیوس انگلرٹ	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

امن

سال	وصول کنندہ		ملک	وجہ
1911		ٹوبیاس مائیکل کارل اسر	The Netherlands	"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"
		الفرڈ ہرمن فرائڈ	Austria	"Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"
1968		رینے کاسن	France	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"
1973		Henry A. Kissinger	امریکا	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"
1978		مناخم بیگن	اسرائیل	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
1986		ایلائ وائسل	امریکا	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""
1994		اسحاق رابین	Israel	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."
		شمعون پیریز	Israel
1995		جازف راٹبلاٹ	برطانیہ Poland	"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

معاشیات

سال	وصول کنندہ		ملک	وجہ
1970		پاؤل سیمیولسن	امریکہ	"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
1971		سائمن کزٹس	امریکہ	"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1972		کینتھ ارو	امریکہ	"for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1973		واسلےلیونٹیف	Russia جرمنی امریکہ	"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1975		لیونڈکانٹروچ	Soviet Union	"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1976		ملٹن فریڈمان	امریکہ	"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
1978		ہربرٹ اے۔ سائمن	امریکہ	"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
1980		لاؤرنس کلائین	امریکہ	"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1985		فرانکو موڈگ لیامی	Italy امریکہ	"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1987		رابرٹ سولو	امریکہ	"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""
1990		ہیری مارکوٹز	امریکہ	"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""
		مرٹن ملر	امریکا
1992		گارے بکر	امریکہ	"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""
1993		رابرٹ فوگل	امریکہ	"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1994		جون ہارسانئے	Hungary	"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1997		میرون سکولز	Canada	"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
2001		جوزف اسٹگلیز	امریکہ	"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
		جارج اکرلوف	امریکہ
2002		ڈینئیل کہنیمن	Israel امریکہ	"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2005		رابرٹ اومن	Israel امریکہ	"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2007		لیونڈ ہروکز	امریکا Poland	"For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
		ارک ماسکن	امریکہ
		روگر مائرسن	امریکہ
2008		پاول کرگمین	امریکہ	"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
2010		پیٹر ڈائمنڈ	امریکہ	"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"
2012		الون اے روتھ	امریکہ	"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"

جنہان نوںانعام وصول کرن توں روکیا گیا

بریس پاسترناک, a Russian Jew, winner of the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.

بولیورڈ (اک تختی ) انعام یافتہ

اسرائیل چ اک گلی چ تختی لگی اے جس چ تمام یہودی نوبل انعام یافتگان دے نان کندہ نیں اس دا مقصد انہاں تمام حضرات نوں خراج تحسین پیش کرنا اے۔

The Israeli town of ریشون لضیون has a street in it dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatnei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel laureate.

ہور ویکھو

• نوبل انعام جیتو جاپانی
• نوبل انعام جیتو عورتاں
• نوبل انعام جتن والیاں دی لسٹ
• نوبل انعام جیتو مسلمان
• نوبل انعام جیتو بلحاظ دیس
• نوبل انعام جیتوآں دی یونیورسٹی وابستگی لحاظ نال لسٹ

ہور پڑھو

• Charpa, Ulrich; Deichmann, Ute. (eds.) (2007). Jews and Sciences in German Contexts: Case Studies From the 19th and 20th Centuries, Mohr Siebeck, pp. 23–25.
• Feldman, Burton (2001). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade Publishing, pp. 407–10.
• Julius, Anthony (1995). T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, Cambridge University Press, p. 266.
• Lazarus, William P.; Sullivan, Mark. (2008). Comparative Religion For Dummies, جان وائلی اینڈ سنز, p. 45.
• Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jewish Mind, Wayne State University Press, pp. 339–42.
• Rubinstein, W. D. (1982). The Left, the Right and the Jews, Croom Helm, p. 63.
• Scharfstein, Sol (1999). Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary, KTAV Publishing House, p. 168.
• Weiss, Mosheh (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 216–17.
• Zuckerman, Harriet (1996). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the امریکا, Transaction Publishers, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78.

باہرلے جوڑ

• Video by the National Museum of American Jewish History with some Jewish Nobel laureates listed