جدول بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے انگریزی لہجات
سانچہ:Redirect سانچہ:Refimprove سانچہ:Copy to Wiktionary This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent انگریزی زبان pronunciations.
See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.
- AuE = Australian English
- CaE = Canadian English
- GA = General American
- InE = ہندوستانی انگریزی
- IrE = ہایبرنو-انگلش
- NZE = New Zealand English
- RP = Received Pronunciation (Standard in Great Britain)
- ScE = Scottish English
- SAE = South African English
- SSE = Standard Singapore English
- WaE = Welsh English
Chart
سودھوThis chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
| IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Explanation | |
| سانچہ:IPA link | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ | |
| سانچہ:IPA link | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | |
| سانچہ:IPA link | ہجا separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kri:m/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskri:m/ | |
| ̩ | ̍ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] |
ہور ویکھو
سودھو- English phonology
- Phonetic alphabets
- Pronunciation respelling for English
- SAMPA chart for English
- "Vowel wheel" – a subjective schematic of English vowel sounds as pronounced in a General American accent.
- معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواندی ابجدیہ برائے انگریزی
- بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد
- List of dialects of the English language
حواشی
سودھو- ↑ ۱.۰ ۱.۱ ۱.۲ ۱.۳ This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
- ↑ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
- ↑ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.
- ↑ Pronounced [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
- ↑ Pronounced [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
- ↑ Marginal elsewhere, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
- ↑ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [[[:سانچہ:IPA link]]] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
- ↑ /h/ is often pronounced [[[:سانچہ:IPA link]]] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants
- ↑ /h/ is pronounced [[[:سانچہ:IPA link]]] before the palatal approximant, /j/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
- ↑ /m/ is pronounced [[[:سانچہ:IPA link]]] before f and v (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫju:])
- ↑ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
- ↑ [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
- ↑ L-vocalization as [ɤ] is prevalent in Standard Singapore English.
- ↑ L-vocalization as [w], [o], and [ʊ] occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents not included in the chart. Notably Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, and African-American Vernacular English.
- ↑ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
- ↑ R-labialization as [ʋ] is found in some varieties of Southern England.
- ↑ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Hiberno-English, and much of the American South dialects, distinguish ʍ from سانچہ:IPA link; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
- ↑ /ɔ:, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ ۲۲.۰ ۲۲.۱ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt. See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
- ↑ Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ See bad–lad split for this distinction.
- ↑ In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
- ↑ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
- ↑ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس.
- ↑ Deterding, David (2003) 'An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English', English World Wide, 24(1), 1–16.
- ↑ سانچہ:IPA link~سانچہ:IPA link occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have سانچہ:IPA link.
- ↑ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the سانچہ:Sc vowel (generally written o) appears as سانچہ:IPA link~سانچہ:IPA link instead of سانچہ:IPA link before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only سانچہ:IPA link occurs.
- ↑ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split .
- ↑ ۴۰.۰ ۴۰.۱ Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
- ↑ Tay Wan, Joo; Mary (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide 3 (2): 135–45. doi:.
- ↑ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ ۴۳.۰ ۴۳.۱ ۴۳.۲ ۴۳.۳ ۴۳.۴ ۴۳.۵ See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction.
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
- ↑ The سانچہ:Sc vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
- ↑ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /ju:/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
- ↑ ۴۷.۰ ۴۷.۱ Canadian English has a phenomenon called Canadian raising in which raised diphthongs [ʌi̯] and [ʌu̯] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌi̯t] and out [ʌu̯t]; in other environments, [aɪ̯] and [aʊ̯] are used. In much of U.S. English, this happens with [ʌɪ̯], primarily when a voiceless consonant phoneme follows /aɪ̯/. For example, dike, life, and sight end with voiceless /k/, /f/, and /t/, so the diphthongs differ from those in wives and side, which have voiced /v/ and /d/. For some speakers, [ʌɪ̯] also occurs before voiced consonants when another syllable follows, but only when no morpheme break occurs; hence [ʌɪ̯] in tiger and/or spider, but [aɪ̯] in rider because -er is a separate morpheme. Most U.S. English distinguishes between writer [ˈɹʌɪ̯ɾəɹ] and rider [ˈɹaɪ̯ɾəɹ] purely based on this vowel difference.
- ↑ Lee, Ee May and Lim, Lisa (2000) ' Diphthongs in Singaporean English: their realisations across different formality levels, and some attitudes of listeners towards them. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 100–111.
- ↑ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛ:(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
- ↑ سانچہ:Harvcoltxt notes that many people in England use [[[Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "o:" not found in list|o:]]] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔ:/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔ:/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔ:/ and poor /pʊə/. If one wishes to make that distinction today it would be best to use ɵ instead of ʊə. This will lead to tore as to: and tour as tɵ:.
حوالے
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- Bauer, L.; Warren, P.; Bardsley, D.; Kennedy, M.; Major, G. (2007). "New Zealand English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102. doi:.
- Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.
- Coupland, Nikolas (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
- Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 3rd, London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2.
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84. doi:.
- Kenyon, John S. (1950). American Pronunciation, 10th, Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
- Kenyon, John S. (1944/1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
- Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English", Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2.
- Mannell, R. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University.
- Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245. doi:.
- Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English. Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 17–38.
- Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview. Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
- سانچہ:Cite dictionary
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
باہرلے جوڑ
سودھو- IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Archived 2009-03-26 at the وے بیک مشین Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
- lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
- Online IPA editor for English
- Online/Offline IPA editor for English
- IPA transcription systems for English – discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions
سانچہ:IPA navigation سانچہ:کلیدہائے بین الاقوامی اصواندی ابجدیہ