آپݨا کم based on:

Marinid:

1. O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (۱۷ مارچ ۲۰۱۱) (English) The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait، ؜University of Pennsylvania Press، ؜pp. 185 ISBN: 978-0-8122-0463-6. : Spanish Historian and Arabist Ambrosio Huici Miranda suggested that the Marinids used white banners, much like their Almohad predecessors.
2. Abitbol, Michel (۱۰ اپریل ۲۰۱۴) (French) Histoire du Maroc، ؜Place des éditeurs، ؜pp. 126 ISBN: 978-2-262-03816-8. :

   When the morning light shines, the Sultan mounts his horse and the white standard which is the flag of the dynasty, called al-Mansur (the Victorious) is carried next to him. Immediately before him march the armed men on foot; the horses held in hand, covered with caparisons of patterned cloth, that is to say, saddle blankets.

1. Bennison, Amira K. (۲۰۱۴) "Drums, Banners and Baraka: Symbols of authority during the first century of Marīnid rule, 1250-1350" in Bennison, Amira K. , ed. (English) The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib، ؜Oxford University Press، ؜pp. 194–216 : "The naming of the Marinid palatine city, Madīnat al-Bayḍā', the White City, reflects their use of white as a dynastic colour."
2. عاصم, محمد رزق (۲۰۰۶) (arabic) رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر، ؜قاہرہ: مكتبة مدبولي، ؜pp. 151  : Egyptian historiographer Al-Qalqashandi (d. 1418) recalled a white flag made of silk with verses from the Qur’an written in gold at the top of the circle as the sultanate’s emblem among the kings of the Banu Abd al-Haqq of the Banu Marin in Morocco, calling it the Victorious Flag.
3. عاصم, محمد رزق (۲۰۰۶) (arabic) رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر، ؜قاہرہ: مكتبة مدبولي، ؜pp. 151 : Maghrebi historian Ibn Khaldun talked about the flags he saw during the time of Sultan Abu al-Hasan, indicating that they used to give governors, workers, and commanders permission to take one small flag made of white linen.
4. Julien, Charles André; Internet Archive (۱۹۷۰) History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830، ؜New York, Praeger، ؜pp. 198 ISBN: 978-0-7100-6614-5. : Contemporary historian Charles-André Julien references the small white flag as a miniature version of the royal standard that was given to the main commander on the battlefield as a mark of authority to lead the troops. The flag was raised in conquered fortresses.
5. Markham, Clements R. (Clements Robert); Kelly - University of Toronto (۱۹۱۲) Book of knowledge of all the kingdoms, lands, and lordships that are in the world, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them، ؜London, The Hakluyt society، ؜pp. 26 : The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century, describes the flag of Fez, the Marinid capital, as being plain white.

Saadian:

1. III, Comer Plummer (۲۰۱۵) (English) Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco in the Sixteenth Century، ؜Lulu.com، ؜pp. 26 ISBN: 978-1-4834-3105-5. : "It was unconventional to be sure, as was the Saadian standard, a dramatic statement in white, richly embroidered in golden Qur'anic verses. The white standard was an old Merinid tradition bestowed by the sultan upon faithful commanders. But, as a king in his own right, and in eschewing the familiar green of Islam, Mohammad ash-Shaykh made it look so very new."
2. Smith, Whitney; Internet Archive (۱۹۷۵) (English) Flags through the ages and across the world، ؜McGraw-Hill، ؜pp. 254 ISBN: 978-0-07-059093-9. : "From the eleventh century until the beginning of the seventeenth, the principal color was white under the Almoravids, Marinids, and Saadians."
3. Abitbol, Michel (۲۰۱۴) (French) Histoire du Maroc، ؜Éditions Perrin DOI: 10.3917/perri.abitb.2014.01. ISBN: 978-2-262-03816-8. :"al-Ifrani, who also notes the presence of many valuable horses in these parades, as well as standards of several colors including the white banner of the sultan [Ahmed al-Mansour]" Check: al-Ifrānī, Muḥammad as-Suġaiyir (۱۸۸۸) (Arabic) Nuzhat al-ḥādī bi-aḫbār mulūk al-qarn al-ḥādī: Nozhet-elhâdi, histoire de la dynastie Saadienne au Maroc (1511 - 1670)، ؜Leroux، ؜pp. 117 .
4. Palomares, Lucien (۱۱ جولائی ۲۰۱۲) (French) Tarik es Salama، ؜Lulu.com، ؜pp. 266 ISBN: 978-1-4717-8163-6.  :"Les dynasties précédentes, Mérinides et Saadiens, utilisaient le drapeau blanc."
5. العزيز, بنعبد الله، عبد (۱۹۵۷) (Arabic) مظاهر الحضارة المغربية، ؜دار السلمى،، ؜pp. 43 : "As for the flag, it was white at the beginning of the Islamic era, by analogy with the flag of the Fatimids and Umayyads (unlike the Abbasid flag, which was black and then blue. The flag of the princes of Sanhaja was multi-colored, but it became white in the days of the Almohads, Marinids, and Saadians. Then the Alawites chose red."